ابو ریحان
قارئین معارف نے ۱۲ـ؍ نومبر کو ہونے والے بھیانک ہوائی جہاز حادثے کی خبر اخباروں میں پڑھی ہوگی، اس حادثہ میں راقم کے خویش ابو ریحان بھی جاں بحق ہوگئے جو ایک صالح اور صوم و صلوٰۃ کے پابند نوجوان اور مولانا امین احسن اصلاحی مدظلہ صاحب تدبر قرآن کے پوتے تھے۔ ہزار ضبط کے باوجود میرا پیمانہ صبر لبریز ہوگیا اور اپنے ذاتی حادثہ کی اطلاع دینے کے لئے مجبور ہونا پڑا، مرحوم کی جسمانی یادگار تین بچیاں ہیں جو ابھی دس برس کی بھی نہیں ہیں۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ غریق رحمت کرے، معصوم بچیوں پر رحم فرمائے اور ان کے اور حادثہ میں ہلاک ہونے والے سب ہی لوگوں کے غم زدہ اعزہ کو صبر جمیل عطافرمائے، آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، نومبر ۱۹۹۶ء)
Christianity in itself is a reformative offshoot of Judaism rather than a separate faith. The massage of Jesus Christ was directed at Jews and Jew formed the core of his early follower. In his early stage he was respected, honored and welcomed by his jew community. But as soon as he projected the universalism of Torah (Pentateuch) and declared Judaism as Inclusive religion the community fell in hostility toward him and led him to crucify. In his early theology he gave the message of love, respect and tolerance to the light of a candle in room. The New Testament and it satellite portions unveil his and of his early followers teachings and their theological trend and behavior towards other nations and faiths. In this article the above mentioned teachings and theological policy of Jesus Christ and Saint Paul, an immediate stream him of Christianity has been abstracted from New Testament. It may help today’s Christianity to revise it religious teachings toward Islam and blasphemous behavior other religions and hence minimize the political tensions throughout the world.
With technological advancements, modern engineering systems are improving in terms of performance, size and cost but at the expense of complexity; making their analysis and control extremely difficult. A fundamental issue regarding these systems is to ensure their safety and reliability due to their vulnerability to faults; owing to their complexity. The situation becomes even worse as the corresponding fault diagnosis algorithms are also becoming more complex and computationally expensive for the online implementation. The problem at hand is to design a simple, reliable and easy to implement fault detection and isolation scheme for these systems. One approach to design such a fault detection scheme for these complex engineering systems is to partition the system into simpler interacting subsystems and designing the desired fault diagnosis scheme for these simpler subsystems. Hybrid modeling provides us a platform to represent these complex engineering systems in simpler subsystems working collectively. Hybrid systems are those having both continuous and discrete dynamics. In these systems, discrete states are known as modes and switching between modes occurs on discrete events. In our proposed scheme, healthy and faulty modes are defined by estimating and analyzing continuous states of the system. This process of state estimation is performed by using Sliding Mode Observers (SMO). The monitoring of system modes is performed by designing a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) that uses modes of the hybrid systems represented as symbols of a language, at its input. The proposed scheme is validated both through simulations and experimental data. Data for the experimental validation of the proposed scheme is acquired from an engine rig of a 1.3L production vehicle compliant with the On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD-II). Proposed scheme is easy to implement on account of being model-based. Instead of Kalman filter, SMO is used for the state estimation that is computationally cheaper. In general, there are two types of faults in hybrid systems; ones related to the current mode behavior and the others affecting the discrete evolution trajectory. In our design, we have detected both these faults using a single scheme by identifying and monitoring system modes. Moreover, detection and isolation of new faults can be easily accommodated by introducing new mode sequences in a fault set.