عہد خلفائے راشدین میں قوانین ِحدود و قصاص کی عملی تنفیذ
خلفائےراشدین رضوان اللہ اجمعین کادور بہترین زمانہ شمار کیا جاتا ہے کیونکہ ان چاروں حضرات کا منہج نبوت والا تھا۔اس دور میں قرآ ن و سنت کے مطابق فیصلے کیے جاتے تھے۔ یہ دور گیارہ ہجری بارہ ربیع الاول حضرت ابو بکر صدیق (م:13ھ) کی خلافت سے شروع ہوتا ہے اور اکیس رمضان المبارک چالیس ہجر ی حضرت علی (م:40ھ)کی شہاد ت پر ختم ہوتا ہے۔ اس دور میں تقوٰی ،علم میں پختگی اور اخلاص کو مد نظر رکھا جاتا تھا ۔ قا ضی فیصلہ کرنے میں آزاد ہوتا تھا ۔ اسلامی حدود بہت وسیع ہو گئی تھیں۔ مسلمان پینتیس لاکھ مربع میل پر حاکم تھے ۔ ایران ، شام ، بلاد آرمینیا ، مصر اور ایران ان کے زیر نگین تھے بلکہ اسلامی فتوحات نے مشرق اور مغرب میں نہایت وسعت حاصل کی ۔ عربوں کے علاوہ بہت سی دوسری اقوام حلقہ بگوش اسلام ہو گئیں ۔ خلفائےراشدین انصاف کی فراہمی اور مساوات پر بہت زور دیتے تھے، یہاں تک کہ خود خلیفہ وقت رعایا کے ایک عام فرد کی طرح عدالت میں حاضر ہوتا، جیساکہ حضرت عمر(م:24ھ) قاضی مدینہ زید بن ثابت (م:45ھ)کی عدالت میں خود حاضر ہوئے اور حضرت علی (م:40ھ)کی حاضری کوفہ شہرمیں قاضی شریح کی عدالت میں ہوئی اور فیصلہ بھی خلیفہ وقت کے خلاف ہوا۔ اگر ان کاکوئی قریبی رشتہ دار کسی جرم کا مرتکب ہوتا تو اسے عام لوگوں کی طرح سزا دی جاتی، جیسا کہ حضرت عمر نے اپنے بیٹے کو شراب نوشی کے جرم پر سزا دی اور عام مصری شخص سے حضرت عمرو بن عاص (م:51ھ)کے بیٹے کو کوڑوں سے پٹوایا۔ اس عہد کی ایک اور خصوصیت یہ بھی تھی کہ حضرت عمر نے اسلام میں پہلی دفعہ جیل خانوں کا...
This article highlights the Islamic and the prophetic teachings regarding the promotion of peace. The human progress is directly associated with peace. The so-called peacemakers of the world have failed in their insincere and incompetent quest for peacekeeping, rather, they they have contributed to deteriorate peace furhter. Islām and its prophet (ﷺ) present the impeccable and practical methods and methodology to establish and maintain peace in society. We find that in all his roles and status, the prophet (ﷺ) of Islām is a symbol and model of peace. The very words of Islām and Muslim are the titles, enogh to indicate the approach of Islām towards peace. The author of this paper draws the attention of the readers that in its beliefs, ethical teachigs, laws, and rituals of worship, the sole aim of the Islām is to enhance and promote peace at the individual, as well as, the collective level. The scope of peace in Islām is not confined to the Muslims only, it includes the nonMuslim, too. Further, it encompasses animals and vegetation in its fold of peace. This is what the world needs to focus on and admit; and the media needs to highlight and promote, so that, the real image of Islām may come to fore and the false propaganda against it die away.
Nanotechnology is known as the science of recent era and its applications have been extended in various fields like chemistry, biology and physics. This field of science deals with nanoparticles (NPs) having dimension between 1-100 nm. Different types of NPs are currently being synthesised. Among them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have known to possess the antimicrobial potential due to their large surface area and small size. Pakistan is an agricultural country accounted for 18.9% of the GDP. Citrus is an important horticultural and economically important small sized tree fruit crop around the world. Average yield of Citrus reticulata (Mandarin) in Pakistan is low as compared to the developed country. The low yield of Mandarin is due to attack of different microbial diseases. Among different microbial diseases, canker is major disease of Mandarin and 30% is lost due to canker disease. The major objective of this study is to find the potential role of AgNPs for improving the tolerance against canker disease. AgNPs were synthesised using leaves extract of Moringa oleifera as the main reducing and stabilising agent. The synthesised AgNPs were characterised through UV-Visible spectroscopy, Zeta Analyser, SEM, XRD and EDX. Different concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm) of the synthesised AgNPs were exogenously applied on Mandarin to record disease incidence against canker disease. It was found that no concentration of synthesised AgNPs completely inhibited canker disease. The effect of AgNPs on the intensity of canker disease varied greatly and 30 ppm was found to be the most suitable concentration for enhancing the tolerance against canker disease. Different enzymatic (CAT, SOD, and POD) and non-enzymatic (TPC, TFC, Proline content, MDA, protein content) activities were also explored in response to various concentrations of AgNPs under canker stress. It was found that plants which were treated with pathogen only showed the enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. Fruit quality (Juice content, pH, Vit C) and fruit productivity (yield per plant, fruit weight, ED, PD and PT) parameters were significantly enhanced when plants were exogenously sprayed with 30 ppm AgNPs. Proteome analysis was also done in the leaves and seeds samples of mandarin and functional categorization were done through MapMan Bin Codes Software. It was found that plant defense related proteins were more up-regulated and stress related proteins were down-regulated in response to 30 ppm AgNPs under biotic stress. So, it can be concluded that plant based synthesised AgNPs have the potential to enhance the tolerance against canker disease. Further studies are required to explore the molecular mechanism and interaction of NPs inside the cell.