Advancing Age as a Risk Factor for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries. Age is an important non-modifiable risk factor for acute myocardial infarction. Objectives: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship of advancing age with the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 after getting approval from Institutional Review board of University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Written informed consent and thorough history was taken from the study participants. Group 1 included 45 AMI patients aged 20-60 years. Group 2 included 45 healthy individuals aged 20-60 years. Independent sample t test and chi-square tests were applied for analysis of data. Results: Mean age was significantly higher in AMI patients (50.52±7.31) as compared to healthy controls (30.67±7.20). The risk of AMI increases with advancing age (p<0.001, OR= 2.78). Conclusions: Advancing age is an important risk factor for acute myocardial infarction.

Biomechanics of the Spermatozoa Transport Through the Human Cervical Canal

In this thesis mathematical models of the spermatozoa transport through the Newtonian, Jeffrey and couple stress fluids filled in the cervical canal are developed and investigated theoretically. Modeling of the biomechanical model provides the partial differentials equations and the subsequent equations are solved analytically. Physical quantities like pressure gradient, mucus velocity, propulsive velocity, time mean flow rate, mucus temperature and heat transfer coefficients are examined for the appurtenant parameters. Salientfeaturesofthepumpingcharacteristicsareobserved. Itisnoticedthatthepropulsive velocity of the swimming sheet of the spermatozoa enhances for higher Reynolds number, lower Froude number, and vertical canal. It is intriguing to take note of that, maximal slippage on the upper cervical wall and zero slippage on the lower cervical wall amplify the probability of the spermatozoa to prepare a fertilized ovum. It is found that pressure rise facilitates the motion of spermatozoa to fertilize an ovum in the female reproductive tract whereas pressure drop inverts the direction of spermatozoa to the vagina and controls the probability of pregnancy. It is clear that the inclusion of porous medium lessens the propulsive velocity of the spermatozoa. Minute impact of phase difference on propulsive velocity is evident. The spermatozoa attain their maximum propulsive velocity for nonporous cervical walls. An increment in slip parameter and Reynolds number cause enhancement in the propulsive velocity of the spermatozoa. Effects of constant, linear, sinusoidal, logarithmic and exponential secreting velocities on propulsive velocity are also explored. Furthermore,comparisonofthepropulsivevelocityofnon-Newtonianfluidwith the propulsive velocity of Newtonian fluid is made. Comparison of the current analysis with the existing literature and experimental data is also made.