Excellence of the Holy Qur’an in the Science of Human Behaviour, Psychology

The Science of Human Behavior (Psychology) governs every facet of our lifespan. The scope of psychology is so vast that it touches all major disciplines of medical science, social science, cultural studies and humanities. It does not just connect with subjects ranging from mathematics and biology to sociology and philosophy, but its methods and discoveries help other disciplines as well. Psychology influences legal affairs and national policies, yet it primarily deals with the cognition of human nature and its relevance to the respective domain. The article is aimed to elaborate that the comprehension of human behaviour in the illumination of the Holy Qur’an is an essential need in every aspect of life such as; educational activities, social and political institutions, ethical reflection or societal choice and the method of preaching.  

Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic Processes in Thermally Insulated Liquid Chromatographic Columns of Cylindrical Geometry

Liquid chromatography is a separation and purification process that has attracted attention due to its wide usage in biological, biochemical, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical and food processing industries. The task of this dissertation is focused on the theoretical study of linear and nonlinear liquid chromatographic processes in thermally insulated cylindrical columns packed with either fully-porous or core-shell particles and operating under either isothermal or non-isothermal conditions. Both non-reactive and reactive chromatographic processes are analyzed. In the latter case, separation and conversion of the reactants into products takes place concurrently. A two-dimensional general rate model (2D-GRM) in cylindrical coordinates is formulated to simulate these processes. For the simulation of linear chromatography, the finite Hankel and the Laplace transformations are applied one after another to obtain analytical solutions of the linear model equations for two different sets of boundary conditions. To further elaborate the process, the analytical temporal moments are obtained from the Hankel-Laplace domain solutions. These moments are very useful for analyzing the retention times, band broadenings and front asymmetries of elution profiles. The derived analytical solutions and moments are very useful for diluted or small volume samples. However, to simulate chromatographic process for concentrated or large volume samples, the numerical approximations of nonlinear model equations are needed. In this thesis project, a high-resolution finite volume scheme (HR-FVS) is extended and applied to solve the resulting 2D-model equations in cylindrical coordinates. Several case studies are conducted for a wide range of thermodynamic, kinetic and reaction coefficients. Furthermore, the coupling between concentration fronts and thermal waves are demonstrated through graphs and essential parameters influencing the column (or reactor) performance are pinpointed. A few consistency tests are also conducted for assessing the process performance. The solutions obtained are useful tools for analyzing, optimizing and upgrading the liquid chromatographic processes.