بچے کی تعلیم و تربیت میں کردارِ ولی کے عصری تقاضے

This article is about the role and duties of guardian to manage the education of the children and to build up their behavior. So that they may lead the educated, civilized and well managed life and play their role in the development of an Islamic society. The duty of the guardians regarding the education of the child has been divided into four categories, which are education of aticates, religion, reading and writing and general and technical education. The guardians are bound to manage the commercial, industrial and technical education for their male wards and to educate their female wards cooking, tailoring and knitting. Scholastic views of different schools of thought along with their arguments have been discussed in this article.

Statistical Tests for the Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage

There are many tests of inheritance based upon sibling information for diseases that have late onset. The N-test (Green et al. 1983) is one of these tests, which utilizes information from affected siblings. The N-test is the count in affected siblings of the most frequently occurring haplotype from the father plus the analogous count from the mother. When applied to haplotypes, the N-test excludes recombinant families from the analysis and assumes that parental genotypes are heterozygous. But in real world data sets, generally in Asia and particularly in Pakistan, the case of heterogeneity of parents genotyping were not exist and therefore recombinant families are found more frequently. In this study we modified the N-test to be based on alleles instead of haplotypes. This modified allele-based N-test can include all families (recombinant as well as nonrecombinant). We carried out a simulation study to compare the power of the allele-based N-test with the powers of the S a l l and S p a i r s nonparametric statistics as computed by MERLIN. The powers of the allelebased N-test, S a l l and S p a i r s statistics are identical to each other for iii affected sibships of size 2 and 3. For affected sibships of larger sizes, the powers of the S a l l and S p a i r s statistics are larger than the power of allelebased N-test. These simulation-based results are consistent with earlier results based on analytical computations. Gene-mapping studies regularly rely on examination for Mendelian transmission of marker alleles in a pedigree, as a way of screening for genotyping errors and mutations. For analysis of family data sets, it is usually necessary to resolve or remove the genotyping errors prior to analysis. At the Center of Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), to deal with their large-scale data flow, they formalized their data cleaning approach in a set of rules based on PedCheck output. We examine via carefully designed simulations that how well CIDR’s data cleaning rules work in practice. We found that genotype errors in siblings are detected more often than in parents for less polymorphic SNPs and vice versa for more polymorphic SNPs. Through computer simulation, we conclude that some of the CIDR’s rules work poorly in some situations and we suggest a set of modified data cleaning rules that may work better than CIDR’s rules.