Sulayman Bin Musa Al-Kala As Sirah Writer an Introduction and Research Analysis

Abu Al-Rab฀ ‘ Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá Al-Kal฀‘฀ (565 A. H -- 634 A. H) is a great S฀rah writer. In this article, his scholarly and personal characteristics, the list of his works, tributes from scholars to his services and scholarly rank of Al-Kal฀‘฀ are presented. After presenting his personal features, an introduction and research analysis of his book “AlIktif฀’ fi Magh฀z฀ Al-Mu฀tafá wa Al-thal฀thah Al-Khulaf฀ ’ ” is given. Al-Kal฀‘฀ was a great scholar and authentic S฀rah writer. He got knowledge of Had฀th from Abul ‘At฀’. He attended the lectures of various scholars of Had฀th such as Abul Q฀sim bin Al-Jaysh, Abu Bakr bin Jadd, Abu Abdull฀h bin Zark฀n, Abdull฀h bin Fakhkh฀r, Abu Muhammad bin Jamh฀r, Najbah bin Yahy฀. Many great scholars of Had฀th such as Q฀฀฀ T฀nas were his pupils and brought his knowledge to far off countries. Al-Kal฀‘฀ wrote many books on Had฀th and S฀rah. Ibn Farh฀n, Abul Abb฀s and many other scholars have praised and paid tribute to Al-Kal฀‘฀ in their works. Main objective of the book under discussion, Al-Iktif฀’, is to disseminate knowledge of S฀rah and Had฀th prolifically. Al-Kal฀‘฀ has kept in mind the caution and the principles of S฀rah writing derived from the Holy Qur’฀n. Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá has a great quality of writing S฀rah books. He can be called a born scholar and a writer. His quest for knowledge took him in different cities and he gained the best of knowledge and intellect that can be seen in all of his writings. He can be called a preserver and a protector of S฀rah literature. He is considered the most honored and dignified person among the scientific and cultural tradition of Andalusiyah. This article proves his abilities, qualities and excellence of work.

Parameter Estimation of Electromagnetic Plane Waves Using Novel Adaptive Metaheuristic Techniques

Parameter estimation of electromagnetic plane waves is one of the important areas of researchers since few decades. It has got direct applications in the field of radar, sonar, seismic exploration, mobile communication etc. In this dissertation, efficient and new evolutionary algorithms were designed for the parameter estimation of plane waves which include amplitude and direction of arrival. These global search optimization algorithms include Genetic Algorithm, Fractional Order Darwinian Particle Swarm optimization and Flower Pollination Algorithm etc. In order to improve the performance of global search algorithms, these were also hybridized with local search optimization techniques such as Sequential Quartic Programing. Different structures of antenna arrays were used that include uniform linear array, 1L shaped array and 2L shaped arrays for the reception of plane waves of electromagnetic nature. In order to test the validity and reliability of proposed algorithms, mean squared error was used as a fitness evaluation criterion that can be defined as a difference between the actual and estimated responses of the system. In this regard a large number of Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for the statistical analysis in terms of accuracy of estimation, convergence, robustness (against noise) and computational complexity time to validate proposed algorithms. All the simulations were carried out in MATLAB.