Correlation between Onset of Renal Disease with Diabetes onset of renal disease in diabetics

Diabetes is associated with number of vascular and nonvascular complications, and the vascular complications which include Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, retinopathy, neuropathy, and Diabetic Kidney Diseases (DKD are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality attributable to diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of onset of any renal disease with diabetes in Pakistani population. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Medicine and Nephrology Departments of the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 3 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 100 Diabetic patients were selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. Patients of both sexes and all age groups were included. Results: In this study 60% were male and 40% were female. Most of the patients belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Frequency of onset of diabetes with age showed that patients between age of 41-50 years (33%) were more susceptible to diabetes and its complications whereas onset of diabetes was relatively higher in males as compared to females. Frequency distribution of CVD among diabetic patients was 19%. Conclusions: Results of current findings showed that diabetes mellitus also leads toward further microvascular complications and co-exist with different diseases. 

Genetic Analysis of Cotton Genepool Revealed by Rapd - Pcr

The study of genetics and evaluation of Gossypium is important for improvement in the existing gene pool. Genetic variations within and among the species and cultivars of Gossypium showing different polymorphisms were studied using the Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. In order to achieve this it had first to optimize the methods by testing different conditions of DNA extraction, amplification and electrophoresis. 10-mer oligonucleotides were randomly chosen from commercial kits and employed as primers to amplify segments of the genome and the products were detected on agarose gels. DNA amplification parameters (Buffer composition, MgCl2, DNA template, primer, dNTPs, Taq DNA polymerase, sample volume, thermocycler program) were optimized to give reproducible bands. A total of 60 cotton genotypes were used to analyze the genetic diversity. Morphological characters of 13 species were studied and a dichotomous key was prepared on the bases of these characters. Twenty species of Gossypium belonging to different genomes (A-F) were analyzed by using 63 primers. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.03 to 0.64. Maximum similarity 64% was observed between G.herbaceum and G.arboreum and lowest similarity 3% was observed between G.stocksii and G.longicalyx. The dendrogram based on similarity coefficients was constructed by using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA). Twenty species of Gossypium clustered into five distinct groups, and the two species G. longicalyx and G. stocksii stands separately in the dendrogram.   Twenty cultivars of G. hirsutum were analyzed by using 75 primers. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 0.92. Maximum similarity 92% was observed between CIM-1100 and CIM-446 and the exotic cultivars showed 53% genetic similarity with the local cultivars of G. hirsutum. The dendrogram verified that the bulk of the genotypes were clustered in five groups. To evaluate the stability of cultivars, variation within cultivars (CIM-473, CIM-448, CIM-1100, NIAB-78) was studied. Maximum similarity within the cultivars, 92- 100% was observed in NIAB-78 and minimum similarity, 80-92% was observed in CIM-1100 by using 40, 10-mer primers. Similar amplification profiles were observed in four different cultivars. Cultivars of G. hirsutum were more closely related to each other than to the wild species of Gossypium.