چوتھادروازہ
خالدفتح محمد
اُس کی اُداسی،پریشانی،لاتعلقی اور غمی بالکل اُسی طرح تھی جیسے پہلے شوہر کی موت سے چند دِن پہلےتھاجو کچھ ہوجانے کی دلیل تھی یا نایافتنی کا احساس۔ یہ خیال آتے ہی وہ پریشان ہوگئی۔وہ اگر پہلے شوہر سے خوش نہیں تھی تو دوسرے کے ساتھ ایسا قریبی تعلق نہیں تھا کہ اُسے اُس کے مر جانے کا دکھ ہو : دکھ تو کسی بھی موت کا ہوا کرتا ہے۔ یہ آدمی اُس کی مادی زندگی کی ضروریات پوری کرتارہاتھااور اُس میں کوئی ایسی خرابی بھی نہیں تھی لیکن وہ اُس کے ساتھ خود کو جوڑ نہ سکی ۔ وہ ذہنی طور پراُس سے اُتنا ہی دور رہی جتنا پہلے خاوند سے تھی۔پہلے خاوند سے شادی اگر اتفاق نہیں تھاتو اُسے منصوبہ کہنابھی مناسب نہیں،اُسے جو آدمی پسند تھااُس کے ساتھ شادی ممکن نہیں تھی کیوں کہ وہ آدمی اچھی شہرت نہیں رکھتاتھا۔اُسے شراب کی عادت تھی ،ہر وقت نشے میں ہوتااور جب کبھی اُسے دیکھتا،احترام میں نظر نیچے کرکے ایک طرف ہٹ کے کھڑا ہوجاتا۔وہ اُس کے پاس سے گزرجانے تک وہیں کھڑارہتا۔شروع میں اُسے اُس کا ایک طرف ہٹ کے کھڑے ہونا نشے کا حصہ لگالیکن جب یہ ہمیشہ ہی ہونے لگاتواُسے احساس ہواکہ وہ ایسا اُس کے لیے کرتاہے اور وہ اُسے ایسی نظر سے دیکھنے لگی جس سے ارد گرد کے باقی لوگ نہیں دیکھتے تھے:وہ اب پاس سے گزرتے ہوئے ہمیشہ مسکرادیتی۔یہ مسکراہٹ بالکل واضح نہیں تھی،ہونٹوں کی ہلکی سی جنبش،آنکھوں میں ہلکی سی روشنی کا سایہ،گالوں پر ہلکی سی سرخی کا کھنڈ جانااور چال کا ہلکے سے شتابی ہو جانا۔ جب یہ سب ہو رہاہوتااور وہ خود بھی نہیں جانتی تھی کہ ہورہاہے ،وہ آدمی اِِس تبدیلی دیکھ رہاہوتااور اُس کی اُسے دیکھنے کی خوشی اُداسی میں تبدیل ہو...
This study estimates the leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto, first female Prime Minister of Pakistan and the Islamic world. The life history of Benazir Bhutto also falls under the category of charismatic leadership as she displayed exceptional leadership qualities in the face of different personal and political challenges. Much has been written on the life, personality and political career of Benazir Bhutto but very few have made academic and in depth study of leadership qualities of Benazir Bhutto which were predominant and striking features of her political leadership during her second tenure as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Therefore, this article navigates on diverse Socio-economic, Political and Geo-strategic challenges and responses of Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakistan (1993-96). Further, it encapsulates her relationship with military, dwindling state of economy, revengeful role of opposition and various contradictions with President created a grave challenge not only for poor governance but also for the longevity of her premiership tenure. It was not smooth sailing for her as Prime Minister; however, it was a hard journey full of myriad challenges, inherited dwindling economy, overdeveloped state structure, strife torn society, volatile geo-political situation, regional disparities, vindictive politics of opposition and imbalance of power between Prime Minister and President required stupendous efforts from Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister. Further, this study presents a systematic and factual analysis of the socio-economic challenges and the arbitrary use of the Presidential power (58) (2B). Furthermore, theory of challenge and response has also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. It also throws light on the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership. Besides, this study attempts to find what were the diverse challenges faced by Benazir Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1993-96)? How did she respond to various challenges as Prime Minister?
Gorals belong to family Bovidae and Genus Naemorhedus. Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral) is one of three species of goral, one sub-species, the Grey goral (Naemorhedus goral goral) occurs in Pakistan. It is classified as Near Threatened globally (IUCN Red List) and Vulnerable in Pakistan. This subspecies is threatened primarily by illegal hunting and competition with livestock, resulting in small and fragmented populations in its current distribution range in Pakistan. Machiara National Park (MNP) falls under distribution range of grey goral in Azad Jammu and Kashmir where the present study was conducted. The objectives of the study were to determine distribution range of grey goral in the park in order to assess habitat use, population density, diet composition and grazing pressure in grey goral habitat in MNP, so that its current population status and the extent adverse impacts of grazing pressure could be assessed. Grey goral was found distributed in two sites of MNP, Machiara and Sarli Sacha on the basis of reconnaissance survey and secondary information from park staff and local people. I conducted vegetation survey in which 42 plant species were recorded in grey goral habitat in MNP. At Machiara, by vegetation sampling 40 plant species were identified, whereas at Serli Sacha only 17 plant species were recorded. At Machiara, grey goral inhabited areas between 1970 m and 2600 m elevation during winter and 2400 m and 2900 m in summer. At Serli Sacha, it occupied areas between 1970 m and 2200 m during winter and 2600 m and 2800 m during summer. During both seasons, south and southeast-facing slopes at Machiara and at Serli Sacha were used by goral relatively more frequently than other aspects. Both at Machiara and Serli Sacha, grey goral were most commonly found on moderate xvi (30–40°) slopes during winter but on steeper (40–60°) slopes during summer. The vegetation type most preferred by grey goral was herbs and grasses (Ivlev Electivity Index (IEI) = 0.14), followed by shrubs (IEI = 0.03), while trees were avoided (IEI= -0.54). The overall mean population density of grey goral in MNP was 2.66 individuals / km² based on visual scans. The range of encounter rate (No./Scan) was 0.00 to 2.9. The population density of grey goral in Machiara site was higher (4.57/ km²) than Serli Sacha site (0.76/km²). The minimum herd size recorded was two while maximum herd size was six. Mean herd size was 4 animals where larger groups were frequent in less disturbed areas (38%) in contrast to highly disturbed areas (12%). Number of fawns / female was highest during May (1.12) and June (0.71). Diet composition of grey goral was determined through microhistological analysis of fecal pellets. A total of 145 pellet groups, 105 from Machiara (summer=52, winter=53) and 40 from Serli Sacha (summer=19, winter=21) were collected from study area. A wider range of dietary items were utilized by grey goral in Machiara (21) as compared to Serli Sacha (15). Average diet breadth was lower during the winter season in both study sites. Livestock grazing pressure in grey goral habitat was assessed through field sampling and questionnaire survey. Based on Adult Cattle Units (ACU), Serli Sacha had higher density of grazing livestock in grey goral habitat (105/ km2) than Machiara (81/ km2). At Machiara, a total of 295 livestock heads (cattle, sheep and goats) while in Serli Sacha, 413 livestock heads were recorded during grazing in grey goral habitat. There was a significant negative correlation between number of grey goral individuals observed and livestock units recorded both at Machiara and Serli Sacha. Future management of Park would require protection of core habitat of grey xvii goral ranging from 1950 m to 2900 m elevation in MNP. Preferred forage species of grey goral, Geranium wallichianum, Poa annua, Themeda anathera, Cymbopogan martini, Persicaria nepalensis and Plectranthes rugosis need to be conserved and enhanced in its habitat in the park. Park management should initiate measures to reduce livestock population in areas identified as core habitat of grey goral for its conservation. Effective measures are particularly required for limiting the livestock grazing and wood cutting activities in MNP through awareness raising campaigns and cooperation of local communities.