پتھریلی اور اونچی جگہ کے لئے پہاڑ کی اصطلاح مستعمل ہے۔ پہاڑ دراصل سنسکرت زبان کا لفظ ہے، اردو میں اس کے متبادل "کوہ، پربت اور جبل " مستعمل ہیں۔ پہاڑ دنیا میں زمین کی خشک سطح کا پانچواں حصہ ہیں۔ پہاڑ دنیا کی آبادی کے دسویں حصے کو گھر مہیا کرنے کا وسیلہ ہیں۔ دلچسپ امر یہ ہے کہ دنیا میں 80 فیصد پینے کا پانی انہی پہاڑوں میں سے نکلتا ہے۔
11 دسمبر کو پہاڑوں کا عالمی دن منا یا جاتا ہے۔ یہ عالمی دن منانے کا اصل مقصد یہ ہے کہ دنیا کو ماحولیاتی خطرات سے بچانا، قدرتی ماحول کو برقرار رکھنا، ماحولیاتی آلودگی سے بچاؤ اور پہاڑوں کے قدرتی حسن کو برقرار رکھنے کے لیے اقدامات کا شعور اجاگر کرنا ہے۔ پہاڑ عام طور پر پہاڑی سے بلند اور دشوار گزار ہوتا ہے، پہاڑوں کے مطالعہ کے علم کو "اوروگرافی" کہا جا تا ہے۔ دنیا کی دوسری بلندترین چوٹی 'کے۔ ٹو'پاکستان میں واقع ہے، جس کی بلندی 8611 میٹر ہے۔ دنیا کی 8000میٹر سے بلند چوٹیوں میں سے پانچ چوٹیاں پاکستان میں ہیں۔ دنیا کی نویں بلند ترین چوٹی نانگا پربت ہے، جس کی بلندی 8126 میٹر ہے۔
زمین کا توازن (Balance of Earth)
قرآن مجید میں بیشتر مقامات پر فرمایا گیا ہے کہ پہاڑ زمین کی مضبوطی کے لیے زمین میں میخوں کی طرح گاڑے گئے ہیں۔
قرآن پاک میں ہے:
"وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْاَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ اَنْ تَمِيْدَ بِهِمْ "[1]
" اور ہم نے زمین میں پہاڑ جما دیے تاکہ وہ انہیں لے کر ڈھلک نہ جائے۔ "
زمین پر پہاڑوں کو نصب کرنے کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ زمین ڈھلکنے اور جھتکے لگنے سے...
ABSTRACT: Pakistan is an Islamic country based on Islamic ideology where society has an emotional attachment with religion, hence an expanded network of Dini Modaris [traditional institutions of Islamic learning] is prevailing in urban as well as in rural areas of the country; where the teaching- learning process remains continue in a traditional way. While on other hand, at the same time, modern education system is followed by government and non-government run institutions. These two different systems with different ideologies and pedagogical techniques have produced two different social classes with different world views about the way Pakistan should be managed. This situation of education system is worrying. In an Islamic welfare state, ideally speaking, serious efforts are required to be done in order to eliminate the gulf between the two systems entirely having antagonistic approaches. In such perspective, this paper is aimed to study the efforts and practical steps, taken for the reforms and development of Dini Modaris by various governments of Pakistan as per their policies.
Membrane technology has been extensively explored as fascinating separation technique due to its energy efficient nature. This work concerns with the synthesis of five series of polymer membranes namely Polysulfone/Polyimide/Modified Zeolite mixed matrix membrane (MMM), Polysulfone/Polyimide/Silica nanocomposite membranes (NCM), Polysulfone/Polyimide-Silica- Modified Zeolite NCM, PIM-1/Modified Zeolite MMM and PIM-1/Modified zeolite thin-film composite membranes by solution casting method. Modified zeolite (MZ) filler was added to polymer matrix for tight packing of polymer layers. By adding silica (SiO2) and MZ filler to polymer matrix, the membranes exhibit properties of both organic and inorganic membranes. Polyimide and Polymer of intrinsic microporosity-1 (PIM-1) were synthesized by condensation reactions. Morphology and structure of fabricated samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposite membranes were also investigated. Polysulfone based membranes were investigated for antibacterial properties while PIM-1/Modified Zeolite MMMs were investigated for CO2/N2 separation. Thermal and mechanical properties of fabricated membranes were enhanced by filler addition due to fine compatibility and strong interaction of polymer and filler. Diffrential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) indicated increase in glass transition temperature (Tg) with increasing filler concentration. Better DSC specifications were evaluated for 10 wt% MZ content. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) complimented DSC results. Combining effects of Polysulfone (PSf), Polyimide (PI), SiO2 and MZ enhanced the antibacterial properties however, better antibacterial results were observed for 10 wt% nanocomposite in all cases. Integration of MZ filler in PIM-1 improved the CO2 permeability.Moreover, considerable increase in CO2 permeability was evaluated for alcohol treated PIM-1/MZ MMM as alcohol wash opens up the free volume.Effect of membrane’s thickness on gaseous flux was evaluated by fabrication of thin-film composite membrane (TFC) which improved the aging properties for TFC membranes as significant arrest was observed in permeability loss for TFC membranes. In all cases, CO2 permeability was observed to increase with increasing MZ concentration.Thus, we speculate that the permeation properties are adequately enhanced due to strong interaction and fine compatibility of MZ filler in PIM-1 matrix.