مولانا سعید انصاری
مولاناسعید انصاری دارالمصنفین اعظم گڑھ کے قدیم رفیق تھے،اگرچہ وہ اپنی طبیعت کے تلو ّن اورعدمِ استقلال کی وجہ سے کسی ایک جگہ جم کر کام نہیں کرسکے، تاہم دارالمصنفین کے ساتھ تعلق اور پھر ہندوستانی اکاڈمی الہ آباد کے تِماہی رسالہ ’ہندوستانی‘ کے اڈیٹر کی حیثیت سے انھوں نے جوکتابیں تالیف و ترتیب دیں اورجومقالات لکھے وہ اُردو زبان کے سنجیدہ مصنّفین کی فہرست میں اُن کانام شامل وباقی رکھنے کی ضمانت ہیں۔ [جون۱۹۶۳ء]
vidence of non-Musims in Islamic perspective. It is the responsibility of an Islamic state to ensure justice in all walks of life. Islamic law provides justice to all its citizens, irrespective of their race, colour and religion etc. There is a difference of opinion amongst the jurists as to whether a non-Muslim can be a witness for or against a Muslim or not? As for as the matters of giving evidence in favour of or against each other amongst themselves is concerned, so, majority of the jurists say that of is permissible. This research article deals with this issued opinions of the jurists have been presented with their arguments
Negative experiences are part of life and being the part of life, negative experiences, can have potential effects on individuals‘ cognitive abilities which may further affect their academics. To explore this issue, prime efforts in this research were made to determine the impact of university students‘ negative experiences on their academic achievement as well as on the development of cognitive distortions among them. Furthermore, role of cognitive distortions as mediator between negative experiences and academic achievement was to be calculated also. Study objectives were followed by developing Questionnaire of Negative Experiences, and Scale of Cognitive Distortions along with self-reported GPA (Grade Point Average). Validity and reliability of developed tools was established by means of expert judgment and statistical procedures consequently. Research tools were administered to university students of Pakistan. Total 2213 students of final year were selected from 7 universities through cluster sampling technique. To reach the conclusion, frequency, percentage, and mean score were calculated for descriptive analysis. Moreover, Structure Equation Modeling (SEM) was adopted to calculate mediating role of cognitive distortions between negative experiences and academic achievement. Results revealed that departmental and friends‘ problems caused decline in academic achievement of university students. In contrast, financial issues, emotional experiences, and family problems became triggers of academic performance. Upon facing a number of stressful events, several cognitive distortions (i.e. ―Emotional Reasoning‖, ―Dichotomous Thinking‖, ―Fortune Telling‖, ―Labeling‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, ―Mental Filtering‖, ―Self-Blaming‖, and ―Mind Reading‖) were developed among university students. ―Fortune Telling‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, and ―Self Blaming‖ were clear source of decline in academic achievement. Whereas students‘ GPA was seem to be increased due to ―Emotional Reasoning‖, All-or-Nothing, ―Labeling‖, Mental Filter, ―Maximization‖, and ―Mind Reading‖. Only five of the focused cognitive distortions were found to mediate the impact of negative experiences on academic achievement of university students: ―All-or-Nothing‖, ―Discounting Positive‖, ―Fortune Telling‖, ‗Mental Filter‘, and ―Self-Blame‖. Structure Equation Model regarding mediation role of cognitive distortions between negative experiences and academic achievement was finalized by determining model fit indices calculated in SPSS Amos. Developed model is a significant contribution to existing knowledge, which would hopefully serve as assisting theoretical background for educationists, psychologists, teachers and students. It can lead them to identify particular cognitive biases in order to suggest measures for eradication of negative effects from university students.