حکیم شیر محمد شیر(۱۸۷۴۔۱۹۶۰) داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد اور لسان الاعجاز پنڈت میلا رام وفا کے استاد گرامی تھے۔ اقبال کی طرح آپ بھی خط و کتابت کے ذریعے مرزا خاں داغ دہلوی سے شاعری میں اصلاح لیتے تھے۔ داغ کی وفات کے بعد آپ نے سید احمد حسن میرٹھی کو اپنا کلام دکھانا شروع کر دیا۔ آپ کا کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔ تین ضخیم دیوان لکھے مگر انہیں غربت کی وجہ سے شائع نہ کروا سکے۔ (۱۵۷) شیر نے غزلیں بہت کم لکھی ہیں۔ نظم‘ قصیدہ‘ مرثیہ‘ سلام اور صنف تاریخ کو تو وہ بچوں کا کھیل خیال کرتے تھے۔ بہت کوشش کے باوجود شیر کے مسودات دریافت نہیں ہو سکے۔ ’’سرزمینِ ظفر وال‘‘ کے تذکرے کے ذریعے راقم الحروف نے شیر کا کچھ کلام بازیاب کیا ہے۔ آپ نے اپنی ساری زندگی اپنے آبائی وطن ظفر وال(سیالکوٹ) میں گزاری۔ آپ کے کلام میں دیگر موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ مقامیت کے عناصر دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے ان کی نظم ’’قصبہ ظفر وال‘‘ ملاحظہ کی جا سکتی ہے۔ اس نظم میں مقامیت کے ساتھ ساتھ ماضی و حال‘ تقسیمِ ہند اور ہندوستانی تہواروں کا ذکر بھی ملتا ہے۔ اس نظم کی زبان بہت سادہ اور سلیس ہے کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
اب ظفر وال ہے شکستہ حال آ گیا ہے اس آئینہ میں بال
رہ گیا ہے صرف عکس مو اس میں خوبیاں ہیں نہ خوبرو اس میں
چشمہ مہر میں وہ آب نہیں خم گردوں میں وہ شراب نہیں
وہ زمیں اب وہ آسمان نہ رہا ہم نے دیکھا تو جو سماں نہ رہا
حسنِ شہری سے یہ جا محروم اکثر اوقات بولتا ہے بوم
رہ گیا ماند قصبہ جاتی حسن ملگجا ہے کچھ دیہاتی حسن
نہیں سیپوں...
Background: People suffering from imposter syndrome despite being competent consider themselves less skillful and incapable. Such individuals are also more prone to regret their choice of career with consequent early drop out, experience burnout, more prone to medical errors, absenteeism and low job satisfaction. The current study aims to determine the difference in the characteristics of imposter syndrome in dental students of preclinical and clinical phase and its gender predisposition. Objectives: 1. To find out the frequency and characteristics of imposter syndrome among dental students. 2. To evaluate the differences in the characteristics of imposter syndrome among dental students of preclinical and clinical year. 3. To determine gender predisposition of imposter syndrome among dental students. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 dental students of CMH Lahore Medical and Dental College. A validated questionnaire (Clance IP Scale) containing 20 items with 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data by convenient sampling technique. The characteristics of IP were determined by adding the scores of all items. Descriptive statistics were done, chi-square applied, p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight students filled the IP Scale. The frequency of imposter syndrome is found to be 52.1% among Dental Students. Majority (72) of the dental students have frequent to intense imposter feelings. There is non-significant difference in the IP characteristics of male and female students. No significant difference in the characteristics of imposter syndrome is found between dental students of preclinical and clinical year. Conclusions: There frequency of imposter syndrome is high among Dental students. Non-significant difference in the IP characteristics is found between male and female students as well as students of preclinical and clinical year.
Wheat is the main staple food consumed by billions across the globe. In south Asia, wheat is grown in diverse crop rotations; nonetheless rice-wheat crop rotation is most prominent one which ensures the food security of the whole region. However, late wheat sowing is an important yield limiting factor in this system. Indeed, management of massive quantity of crop residues (7-10 t ha-1) produced in this system accomplished with the late harvest of basmati rice varieties are the major obstacle in the timely wheat sowing. In this scenario, zero tillage provides a better chance for timely planting of wheat, management of crop residues as well as environment and soil sustainability. Fertilizer application in no-till techniques requires careful attention in order to optimize efficiency of fertilizer use by crops. This study was conducted at Adaptive research farm, Gujranwala, Pakistan and was repeated over time. The aim of study was to develop the most favorable and economical no-till technique along with suitable source of nitrogen and optimum height of anchored rice stubbles in combine harvested rice field. Experiment I comprised of five no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller, (4) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after manual removal of rice residues, and (5) wheat sowing with conventional zero tillage drill after burning of rice residues. There were five blends of nitrogen (N) viz. (1) 100% N from urea, (2) 75% N from urea and 25% N from ammonium sulphate, (3) 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate) (4) 25% N from urea and 75% N from ammonium sulphate, and (5) 100% N from ammonium sulphate. Experiment II comprised of three no-till techniques viz. (1) wheat sowing with turbo seeder, (2) wheat sowing with happy seeder, and (3) wheat sowing with zone disc tiller. There were four different anchored rice stubble heights viz. (1) 15-cm, (2) 30-cm, (3) 45-cm, and (4) 60-cm. In experiment I, turbo seeded wheat with N fertilization combination of 50% N from urea and 50% N from ammonium sulphate produced the longer roots and highest leaf area index and total dry matter maximum during both years. Among different blends of N, application of N in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) produced more grain yield than all other blends of nitrogen during both years of experimentation. We observed 21% more grain yield was produced in second year than the first year due to favorable climatic conditions for crop growth. Turbo seeder produced higher grain yield as compared to other no-till techniques. There was 5-10% lower soil bulk density (0-5, 5-10 cm) in the plots wheat crop was sown by turbo seeder than other no-till techniques during both years of experimentation. Maximum nutrient use efficiency was observed in happy seeder sown wheat compared to other no-till techniques during 2014-15, while during 2015-16 turbo seeder sown wheat exhibited more nutrient use efficiency. Maximum benefit cost ratio was observed in wheat sown by turbo seeder with application of nitrogen in the form of urea (50%) and ammonium sulphate (50%) than other no-till systems and blends of nitrogen during both the years. In experiment II, maximum leaf area index and total dry matter were observed in turbo seeder sown wheat at 45-cm height of standing stubbles in combine harvested rice field during both years. Wheat sown by turbo and happy seeder in combine harvested rice field with anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height gave higher grain yield than other no-till techniques and stubble heights. We observed 17% more grain yield in 2015-16 than 2014-15. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder exhibited 5-7% less soil bulk density than other tillage systems, while on the other hand wheat no-tilled in anchored rice stubbles at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field showed minimum soil bulk density as compared to other heights during both years of study. The highest grain protein contents were noted in turbo seeder with anchored stubbles of rice at 45-cm height in combine harvested rice field in comparison with all other no-till techniques and stubble heights. Wheat crop sown with turbo seeder in combine harvested rice field left with anchored stubbles at 45-cm height gave maximum net return and benefit cost ratio during both years. In crux, wheat sowing by turbo and happy seeder at 45-cm height of standing rice stubbles is the most viable technology for rice-wheat cropping system. Likewise, a no-till technique along with N fertilization (50% N from urea and 50% from ammonium sulphate) is most viable option to increase the wheat production with higher profitability.