مولانا ابو الوفاء افغانی
معارف کے قارئین مولانا ابوالوفاء افغانی کے نام سے اور کام سے بخوبی واقف ہیں ان کی پیدائش افغانستان میں ہوئی، لیکن تعلیمی مراحل ہندوستان میں طے ہوئے اور یہاں کے باکمال اساتذہ سے استفادہ کیا، زندگی کا بڑا حصہ حیدرآباد میں گزرا، عرصہ تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں مدرس رہے، فقہ حنفی سے خاص مناسبت تھی اور امام ابوحنیفہ ان کے تلامذہ اور ائمہ احناف سے بے حد عقیدت تھی، لجنۃ احیاء المعارف العثمانیہ ان کی اس عقیدت کی گواہ ہے، انھوں نے قاضی ابو یوسف امام محمد اور شمس لائمہ سرخسی کی کتابیں ڈھونڈ کر جمع کیں، بڑی دیدہ ریزی کے ساتھ مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کیا، جان کا ہی کے ساتھ ان کی تصحیح کی، حواشی لکھے، انڈکس بنائے اور حسن و خوبی کے ساتھ طباعت کا انتظام کیا، وہ پرانے مدرسوں کے پڑھے ہوئے تھے، لیکن نئے محققین بھی ان کا لوہا مانتے تھے، افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ علم و تحقیق کی یہ شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کے بیش بہاکاموں کے جاری رکھنے کا انتظام فرمائے۔
(عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۵ء)
In human life, family relations are of basic importance. In the Islamic Law, the proportion of rights and obligations amongst the relatives is in accordance with human nature. The nature of relations amongst family members has been brought into light with Islamic and Natural perspectives. Amongst those rights and obligations, the responsibility for expense is of primary importance, because its clear understanding illustrates the reality of all the family relations which causes the positive effects on the whole society. In this article, by discussing the expense (rights and obligations) of relatives, the Islamic instructions, basic philosophy, general effects, necessity and its importance has been brought into light. All facts have been presented under two heads of expense (rights) of wife and expense (rights) of the relatives. But, in the light of Quran and Hadith, it has been agreed by all the Islamic Jurisprudents, upon the necessity/obligation/ compulsion of the right of expense for the relatives just like the right of expense for a wife. In this article and attempt has been made to clarify that, in a family setup, how much importance has to be given to the rights and duties/obligations of a wife?
Isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (IPU)], one of the phenylurea herbicides, is extensively used across the globe in agricultural fields to overcome the pre- and post-emergence of broad leaf weeds in cereal cultures. Intensive use of IPU is becoming a source of ground and surface water contamination. Several problems including cancer, endocrine disruption and inhibition of growth in humans, animals and plants are related to IPU toxicity. Keeping in view the environmental concerns associated with IPU, there is a need to develop the strategies for removal of IPU from our environment. In this regard, the present study was conducted firstly to estimate the potential of natural adapted microbial communities for biodegradation of IPU within the agricultural fields of Shorkot, Faisalabad and Sahiwal repeatedly exposed with this herbicide. The in-field spatial variability in IPU degradation within the field was correlated with the prevailing physicochemical properties of the respective soils and was found positively correlated with the organic matter content, total organic carbon as well as the abundance of culturable heterotrophic microorganisms and negatively correlated with the pH. The soil showing a good potential for removal of IPU was used to isolate the bacterial strain having the capability for biodegradation of this herbicide through enrichment culturing using IPU as a sole source of C and N. In this study, a bacterial strain designated as Sphingobium sp. S29 was found to have the potential for biodegradation of isoproturon. The sequence of whole genome of Sphingobium sp. S29 was also sorted using CLC for the functional IPU degrading genes and a putative pdmAB gene potentially involved in the initial steps of IPU degradation was identified. The strain S29 had the potential to degrade known metabolites of IPU including monodemthylisoproturon, didemtheyl-isoproturon and 4-isopropyl aniline as well as other structurally related phenylurea herbicides including diuron and chlorotuluron. The biodegradation of IPU by this strain was optimal under shaking at 30˚C and at 8.0 pH. The bioaugmentation study of the isolated bacterial strain carried out in soil microcosms revealed that this strain has a good potential for biodegradation of isoproturon in the soil in the presence of 24% moisture content and at 30 ˚C. Based on the findings of this study, it might be concluded that the isoproturon dissipation in the agricultural fields in variable not only from field to field but also at different points within the same field thanks to the prevailing physicochemical biological properties of the soils. Moreover, it can also be concluded that the strain Sphingobium sp. S29 can serve as a potential candidate for devising the strategies for bioremediation of the soils contaminated with isoproturon.