حافظ محمد عرفان
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۴؍ رمضان المبارک کو علامہ شبلیؒ کے حقیقی نواسے حافظ محمد عرفان صاحب وفات پاگئے، ان کا وطن بندول تھا مگر قیام اعظم گڑھ میں تھا، وہ دارالمصنفین برابر آتے اور جمعہ کی نماز بھی یہیں پڑھتے، انہیں قرآن مجید بہت اچھا یاد تھا اور ہر سال تراویح میں اسے سناتے، اس سال بھی ضعف و علالت کے باوجود روزے چھوڑنے کے لیے کسی طرح آمادہ نہ تھے، رمضان کے مقدس مہینہ میں وفات ان کے حسن خاتمہ کا ثبوت ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ پس ماندگان کو صبر و قرار عطا کرے۔ آمین! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۱۹۹۴ء)
The paper examines the dynamics of The Gambian National Youth Service Scheme (NYSS) founded in 1996 through the efforts of Nigeria’s National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) Scheme. Though modeled after the NYSC, it has ventured into things NYSC has not. One of these was its most recent partnership with the IOM to curb recurrent illicit migration of The Gambian youths. The questions are, has this aspect of Nigeria-The Gambia history been documented? Has Nigerian Scheme gone into partnership with the IOM in the enterprise like The Gambian counterpart? Since its establishment, how many times has NYSC adjusted to changing realities? In what theoretical contexts could one frame the argument of the NYSS/ IOM partnership and what lessons does that holds for NYSC and similar youths’ services in Africa in the century? In addressing the problem, the paper adopts the qualitative method of historical research and gleans on evidence from diverse sources. It foregrounds its argument on the ideas of the National Youth Service as “Moral Equivalent of War”, “Service- Learning” and “A Way of Strengthening Ties among the People of the World” espoused by William James, John Dewey, and Rosenstock-Huessy. It concludes by charging NYSC and similar services to adjust to meet the current challenges of African youth and society
The purpose of this research is to present efficient novel techniques in contactless thermal surveillance by devising and developing two prototype Thermal Infrared Field Gradient Detection Scanning Systems by using thermal sensors. Signals from Pyroelectric Infrared (PEIR) sensors based Scanning System-1 are analyzed for recognition of thermal gradient patterns to surveil for thermally contrasted stationary and dynamic objects in multiple active Fresnel zones (AFZs) including subzones. The advantage of surveillance in thermal infrared perspective over the visible spectrum realm lies in the fact that all objects above absolute zero emit thermal radiations, with thermal contrast in an AFZ the gradient can be effectively determined by using multi-element pyroelectric infrared sensors. Another prototype open-air thermal gradient scanning system is developed based on Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) thermopile sensing array. This system is used to steer the trespasser in a quiescent vicinity by the detection of wave flow in the gravity induced carbon dioxide, which causes phase delay in density gradients at three spatial locations. The objective of this research is to analyze the first scanning system for up to four active monitoring Fresnel regions for static thermal gradients caused by thermal absorption or emission by living and non-living things and due to the movement of homeothermic body or its constituents in thermally contrasted regions in 8–14μm wide infrared bandwidth. The second scanning system analyze concentration gradient in 4.26μm narrow-band infrared region. In the first thermal scanning system, the gyratory mask-aperture maps a narrow scanning beam on the pyroelectric sensing elements through each lens of a linear Fresnel lens array. The signals from the system are linear field thermograms that are used for localization and thermal field gradients signatures analysis of stationary and dynamic objects. Discrete multilevel and continuous level thermal field analysis have been performed using three different types of pyroelectric sensors, LHI-968, LHI-1148, LHI- 1128 and NDIR thermopile sensor TPD-2T-0625-G2G20, have been used in the Scanning System-2. Thermal analysis of the pyroelectric sensor, transient and harmonic V mathematical models for the sensors and the systems are also presented to establish theoretical basis and to understand the operation of the systems. Robust Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Multiclass Support Vector Machines (MSVMs) algorithms with Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) heuristic have been utilized with distinctive lower bounded Short-Time Fourier-Transform (STFT) vector reduction algorithm to abridge recognition time in measuring dynamic distances and feature extraction. In second scanning system the direction of intrusion is determined by numerically estimating Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) of the wave at three sensing nodes that utilized generalized correlation with phase transform technique. Scanning System-1 has been demonstrated to identify thermal gradient of stationary objects in multiple AFZs and recognized thermal patterns with over 95% true recognition rate using only one pyroelectric sensor. Dynamic objects across Fresnel zones and within sub Fresnel zones and their intermission state have been successfully identified with recognition rate of more than 94% using three pyroelectric sensors. For Scanning System- 2, the steering angle of the source is successfully estimated with recognition rate of more than 92%. Evaluation of these scanning systems shown promising results and the author suggests further research can be made in this field.