Influence of Educational and Financial Status of Parents on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students: A Case Study in Hyderabad Division-Sindh

This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.

Learning Technology for Disabled

The hearing impairment is a disability that causes a huge communication gap between hearing impaired handicaps and non-hearing impaired people. A number of daily life complications are faced by profound hearing impaired (PHI) individuals due to their communication inability, for example an adverse event. An adverse event is a maltreatment of a patient caused by deceptive communication by the patient or the misunderstanding by a health practitioner. Its reason is mainly attributed to the inability of health practitioners to understand and express themselves in sign language (SL). Moreover, sign language is not uniform because it mostly includes informal or natural signs that vary from region to region, which makes it difficult to be understandable globally. Cochlear implantation is another solution to facilitate profound hearing impaired to resolve their communication inability. However this solution is very expensive and is not affordable by low socio-economic society. Lip-reading from a speaker’s (i.e., speech therapist) face is another traditional method of teaching spoken language to the hearing impaired. However, the dedication required from a speaker, makes this job burdensome. Pronouncing the same word repeatedly makes the teaching problematic, if not impossible. Subsequently, a child loses engagement and interest in the learning process. Hiring a speech therapist is also a financial overhead associated with the traditional lip-reading method. The objective of the present research is to address the identified problem and the research gap found using systematic literature review (SLR) of the domain, and hence, to facilitate hearing impaired handicaps from low socio-economic society to mitigate their communication gap through lip reading using the proposed software application (learning technology). The proposed interactive software application (LOSINA - Learning Application without Sign Language for Profound Hearing Impaired Children) was developed for iii Preamble Abstract articulating English words following lip-reading method. The LOSINA presents the words in an interactive manner by selecting words containing vowels at different positions, i.e., vowels at initial, middle and final position of the words. The application demonstrates lips and mouth movements to show pronunciations of the words against a selected word. These words involve multiple tongue placements and lip movements. The proposed application implements the constructive pedagogy by enabling a student progress from single tongue placement and lip movement to multiple movements for a word pronunciation. Finally the proposed software application was evaluated for its effectiveness and usability. A preexperimental one-shot study design was used for the effectiveness evaluation involving twenty male and female profound hearing impaired children (i.e., stone deaf). Evaluation was performed by three evaluators: sign language teacher, speech therapist and family members of the individual being experimented. The assessment parameters were designed with the help and consensus of the sign-language teacher and speech therapist to assess the articulation of words by a child and his/her behavior. The articulation of words by the profound hearing impaired children after experimentation is usually comprehensible for an inexperienced or a common listener. Results of the Wilcoxon signed ranked test have shown significant improvement in word articulation by the profound hearing impaired children. The resulted effect size from Wilcoxon signed ranked test has shown a large effect size (0.80) on children’s word articulation through the use of Losina application. The improvement in natural voice quality, fluency and clear audibility of the tested words using LOSINA within short time span and with no formal intervention, can therefore be attributed to a contribution of the present research. Articulation of phrases, sentences, emphasis and emotions in conversation shall be considered as future work of the present research.