اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق

اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق Initially was only language used to express human ideas. In every age, along with customs and traditions, language also went through stages of evaluation. That is why language of each region is unique. This uniqueness of languages is of its identity. Like human beings, languages also have their own families, and different languages grow as sub- branches of language family. They flourish and sometimes thrive and come to life through process of evolution. When some languages die out. Urdu and Hindi also belong to large languages families. They have a deep relationship. And speaking of same relationship, some tinkers do not separate them from each other. When it sometimes thinkers, there is difference between in the two. At a glance, we will mention the linguistic similarities and difference between Urdu and Hindi. Where are places and where there is difference between them, but all of them are mentioned here.

A Study of Urinary Excretion of Deferoxamine, Ferrioxamine, Zinc and Iron in Thalassemic Patients

Current research project was conducted to study the urinary excretion of deferoxamine, ferrioxamine, iron and zinc in β-thalassemia population. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status was also measured in β-thalassemic patients under indigenous conditions. Blood specimens were collected from both healthy and thalassemic subjects of age less than 15 years without drug administration. Hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, MCH, MCV, MCHC, plt, hct, RDW, eiosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes) and biochemical parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, ALT, AST, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin and creatinine) were determined in both healthy and thalassemic populations to check the health status. Oxidant and antioxidant status was studied with the help of spectrophotometer and HPLC. Thalassemic patients were observed in state at higher level of oxidative stress because free iron in body acts as free radical to enhance the oxidative stress. Antioxidants are (either enzymatic or non enzymatic) substances in body which reacts with these free radicals to stop chain reaction. So, the levels of antioxidant vitamins (E, C and β-carotene) were significantly decreased in β- thalassemic patients. Urine samples were collected at 0, 6, 8, 12, 24 h from β-thalassemic patient after 500 mg subcutaneous infusion of deferoxamine. Concentration of deferoxamine and ferrioxamine was determined with the help of HPLC highest concentration of DFO and FO was recorded in urine samples collectes at 6 th hour. % dose of DFO and FO excreted (3 and 2.97 percent) in β-thalassemic patients within twenty four hours. While the concentration of iron and zinc was determined with the help of AAS and cumulative amount excreted of zinc and iron after 24 hours were 1.57 ± 0.06 mg and 30.47 ± 1.47 respectively in thalassemic patients indicating enhanced excretion of zinc. This study would help in clinical investigations and to design better therapeutic protocols under indigenous conditions.