صدقات جمع کرنے پر ریاستی پابندی کا اختیار پنجاب چیرٹیز ایکٹ 2018ء کے تناظرمیں تحقیقی مطالعہ

Early in 2018, Punjab Assembly passed a law in order to regulate welfare organizations and institutions. All welfare institutions were made bound to a complex official procedure. Violation of this procedure was regarded as a punishable crime. This law was widely discussed in think tanks and was strongly criticized. This research paper deals with understanding of this law, basic sections and their Islamic prespective is analysed according to Sharia. It has been proved in the light of Quran and Sunnah that Islam doesn't permit making non-obligatory charities system so complex and regarding it a crime. Hence, Government should make appropriate reforms in this law while reviewing it.

Modeling and Control of Underground Coal Gasification

Modeling and Control of Underground Coal Gasification Pakistan is going through an acute energy crisis despite being blessed by huge energy potential. Pakistan has approximately 185 billion tonnes of coal, of which 175 billion tonnes of Lignite B is located in Thar. The most suitable technology to harness the potential of the Thar coal reservoirs is the underground coal gasification (UCG), which involves the underground conversion of coal in to synthetic gas that can be used in numerous industrial applications. Therefore, the planning commission of Pakistan allocated the Block V of Thar coal field to UCG project Thar, in order to setup a pilot project. This research work deals with the modeling and control of Thar coal gasifier. In this research work a computer model is developed for the underground gasification of Block V of the Thar coal field. The numerical solution of the model is carried out by incorporating a pseudo steady state approximation, which replaces gas phase PDEs with ODEs with respect to the length of the reactor. This approximation assumes that the concentration of the gases attain steady steady before any significant change occurs in the densities of coal and char. The PDEs for the densities of coal and char and solid temperature are solved by finite difference method, while the gas phase ODEs are simultaneously solved as a boundary value problem, marching from inlet to outlet. The simulation results show that the solution of the model is capable of providing space and time profiles for different physical quantities, such as, coal and char densities, concentration and molar fractions of different gases, rate of different chemical reactions and solid and gas temperatures. A detailed parametric study is also carried out for the model solution, which shows that the composition of the product gas is sensitive to various coal properties and operating conditions. The parametrization of a complex process like UCG is a formidable job, which includes a large number of physical and chemical properties of coal, different operating conditions and various in situ phenomena. In order to determine the composition of coal and char, the ultimate analysis of their samples is carried out. The results of the ultimate analysis are prone to uncertainty, because the measurements are obtained from different coal samples, which go through different handling procedures before they are analyzed.