تحفظ نسواں بل 2006ء
1979ء سے حدود قوانین نافذ العمل رہے ۔ بعدا زاں یہ محسوس کیا گیا کہ زنا قابل نفاذ حدود کے قانون میں مختلف دفعات وہ بھی شامل کر دی گئیں جو ملک کے قا نونی فقہاء کے نزدیک وہ اس قانون میں ڈالی جانے والی اضافی اور موضوع سے ہٹ کر دفعات تھیں ، جس میں مرکزی حیثیت زنا کی تعریف کو حاصل تھی جس میں قبل ازیں متذکرہ دفعہ میں شادی / نکاح کا کسی بھی اشتباہ و التباس سے مبرا ہونا بھی لازمی امر تھا اور تحفظ نسواں آرڈیننس 2006 کے تحت valid Marriage سے لفظ Valildly کو حذ ف کر دیا گیا 499۔ قانون زیر بحث میں جرم زنا قابل نفاذ حد باقی ہے ، جب کہ اس میں شامل الفاظ " بالجبر یا زنا بالجبر " و دیگر دفعات ، جو زنا کی غرض سے خریدنے ، بیچنے سے متعلق تھیں کو بھی حذف کر دیا گیا 500 ،کیونکہ قانونی فقہا کے نزدیک اکثر خواتین غلط تعبیر و تشریح کے باعث ناجائز طور پر اس قانون کا شکار ہو رہی تھیں ۔ یہ جو ترامیم ہوئی ہیں، یہ Substantive Law میں ہوئی ہیں یعنی قانون کے متن میں کی گئی تبدیلیاں ہیں۔
اس کے علاوہ بیان کردہ یہ ترامیم حدزنا کے حوالے سے Procedural Law میں کی گئی ہیں ۔ حدود آرڈیننس میں مجوزہ ترامیم سے حدود قوانین غیر مؤثر ہو جائیں گے۔ حدود کے مقدمہ کے اخراج پر بلا ٹرائیل قذف کی سزا غیر قانونی ہے۔ اس ترمیم سے سچا مقدمہ درج کروانے والے مدعی کے دل میں بھی خوف و ہراس پیدا ہوگا جس سے مقدمہ درج کروانے کی حوصلہ شکنی ہوگی۔ زنا بالرضا کے جرم کو ناقابل دست اندازی پولیس قرار دینے سے قانون غیر مؤثر ہو جائیگااور معاشرے میں قانون اپنے ہاتھ میں لینے...
Reformation of Moral Philosophy and its Foundation in Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) Though, the twenty first century is passing through a great development in the field of science, intellect, education and technology, human beings seem spiritually and ethically in a more miserable condition day by day. We observe inflation in the problems and complications regarding their solutions in human societies with every passing day. Today’s man is highly engaged in universe and its enquiry, we are developing knowledge and physical efforts for taking control over all phenomena of universe, but in this effort, we lost our capability of good values and ethics mostly. In such conditions, the one and only personality, the Ambassador of peace, beloved Muhammad ﷺ is the source of guidance, by whom the spirit of a man could meet with peace and stability. But the solution of this major problem never can be just adopting his ethical teachings and the rejection of bad actions. If so, then the thousands of past writings about the issue have brought the revolution already on the face of the earth. Modern philosophy of ethics and Morality is based upon the concept of relativity as “Good” or “bad” is not universal truth at all. For this reason, it is less effective in terms of practicality. The roots of philosophical concepts we find in the teachings of Prophet’s Muhammad (ﷺ). Have no enigmas and ambiguity Morality. Promoting the prophetic philosophy of Ethics and Morality can change the behavior of man automatically rather than forcefully. In this article, effort has been made to critically analyze the modern Moral philosophy in the light of Sῑrah of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Analytical and critical research methodology is adopted in this study.
Background: Worldwide the commonest cause of anaemia is inadequate nutritional supply manifest as iron deficiency. Iron deficiency affects 25% of the world’s population and up to 50% in the developing world. Most susceptible are women of child bearing age and infants. In pregnancy most iron deficiency is detected when there is already resultant anaemia by measuring the haemoglobin content. It is important to develop a tool that could pick out women who are iron deficient before anaemia ensues. This study aims to determine the predictive ability of red cell mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in screening for iron deficiency in pregnancy. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the diagnostic reliability of MCV and MCH in screening for iron deficiency among pregnant women with normal haemoglobin. The study also determined the prevalence of iron deficiency in the pregnant population without anaemia. Study design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Methods: One hundred and fifty five pregnant women presenting to the antenatal clinic at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, before 20 weeks gestational age were enrolled. Blood samples were analysed for haemoglobin, red cell indices and serum ferritin levels. Those whose haemoglobin was above 10.5g/dL underwent correlation of MCH and MCV against serum ferritin. The serum ferritin below 15ng/ml was considered representative of iron deficiency. The cut-off points for MCV and MCH were 80fL and 27pg respectively values below which were considered to represent iron deficiency. Results and analysis: The prevalence of anaemia in the study population was found to be 8%. Of the women whose haemoglobin was normal (above 10.5g/dL) the prevalence of iron deficiency as measured by serum ferritin was 31.5%. MCH had a sensitivity of 77.8% (95% CI 66.3 to 86.6) and a specificity of 68.4% (95% CI 63.1 to 72.4). The MCV had a sensitivity of 46.7% (95% CI 35.8 to 56.8) and a specificity of 84.7% (95% CI 79.7 to 89.2). Both tests were useful as negative predictors when considered in the screening for iron deficiency in pregnancy. Conclusion: The prevalence of iron deficiency is high among pregnant women who have normal haemoglobin values. The red cell indices, MCH and MCV have some value in assuring that iron deficiency is unlikely when they are normal. This might be important in clinical units that practice selective supplementation with haematinics in the obstetric population so as to avoid unnecessary iron therapy which has