Biological activity of Citrus paradisi peel

Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel oil has medicinal properties which shows beneficial effects against plant pathogenic fungi Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the antifungal potential of Citrus paradisi peel oil against different plant pathogenic fungal strainsMethods: The essential oil of Grapefruit peel was provided in different concentrations 0.25 to 0.75ml per 100 ml of media to 3 different plant pathogenic fungal strains i.e, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Dreschlera tetramera and its effect on the growth of fungi was recorded Results: The studies provided the results compared with the controlled media, which showed the fungal growth was almost completely inhibited at 0.75ml concentration of oil, even the lower concentration was sufficient to retard the growth Conclusions: The study provided the blue print for fungicidal spray to cure serious diseases in plants, such as, rice blast, papaya fruit rot, seedling collar rot and wilt diseases.

Capacity Building of Teachers for Using Computers in a Government Secondary School in Karachi

This manual is prepared to fulfill teachers need in the government technical school. The ultimate purpose to prepare this manual is to build teachers' capacities to use computers in their teaching and learning. Teachers professional development is a key feature of teachers' on the job learning however in government school, teachers face lack of resources and poor facilitation. I have prepared this manual by keeping teachers' needs in view so, that they could get maximum benefit out of it. Teacher professional development has a strong linked with classroom practices and students learning. If teachers develop computer skills, they can guide their students to use it for learning purposes. This manual is basically designed for the beginners, especially for the teachers using computer for the first time. Unit I, gives a basic idea and concepts of a computer system. It is important for teachers to know the components and elements of computer system before you use it. Unit II, second unit gives an understanding of basic computer terms including solid foundation for future computer training. Moreover this unit is also based on Windows 98 Operating System. Unit III, deals with understanding Microsoft Word 2000. It gives you easy tips and methods to start your first document and apply various features of Microsoft Word 2000. It also helps to Find and Replace the text, Create tables in your documents, Use spell and Grammar, Use style to create a table of contents. Moreover, this unit gives an insight to the advanced features of MS Word 2000, like drawing and inserting tables, changing the setting of tables, graphics and inserting picture etc. Unit IV, deals with various features of Microsoft Excel 2000. It will help you out in drawing maps and graphics according to your data. Moreover, this unit gives an insight to the advanced features of MS Excel 2000, like drawing and inserting tables, changing the setting of tables, graphics and inserting picture, etc. This manual is mainly prepared for the professional support to the teachers of the secondary school, to enhance their knowledge and skills to use computer effectively.