قدرت اﷲ شہاب
جناب محمد طفیل کی وفات کے کچھ ہی روز بعد جناب قدرت اﷲ شہاب کی رحلت کی خبر ملی، وہ برطانوی حکومت کے زمانہ کے آئی۔سی۔ایس تھے، ۱۹۴۷ء کے بعد پاکستان کے بڑے بڑے عہدوں پر مامور رہے، وہ جب پاکستان کے گورنر جنرل جناب غلام محمد صاحب کے سکریٹری تھے، تو پہلی بار ۱۹۵۵ء میں ان سے دارالمصنفین کے دفتری کام کے سلسلہ میں ملا، ایک روز گورنر جنرل ہاؤس میں دوپہر کا کھانا ہوا تو وہ بھی شریک ہوئے لیکن خاموش بیٹھے رہے، ان سے کھانا شروع کرنے کے لیے کہا گیا تو بولے آج شعبان کی پندرہویں تاریخ ہے، وہ نفل روزے سے ہیں، ان کی اس مذہبیت کا اثر دستر خوان کے تمام شرکاء پر رہا۔
۱۹۵۵ء سے پاکستان کا سفر برابر کرتا رہا، ان سے برابر ملاقاتیں ہوتی رہیں، دارلمصنفین کی مطبوعات کا جب باضابطہ حق طباعت و اشاعت حکومت پاکستان کو دیا جارہا تھا تو انھوں نے اس کی دفتری کاروائی کرنے میں بڑی سہولتیں پہنچائیں جس کے لیے دارلمصنفین ان کا بڑا ممنون ہوا، ان میں سرکاری افسر کی رعونت بالکل نہ تھی، ہر موقع پر بڑے متین، سنجیدہ اور بااخلاق نظر آئے، بولتے بہت کم تھے مگر سنتے سب کی تھے، اور حتیٰ الامکان مدد کیا کرتے تھے، ان کو انگریزی اور اردو لکھنے میں بڑی مہارت تھی، اردو ادب کا بڑا عمدہ مذاق رکھتے تھے لیکن اس کا اظہار اپنی گفتگوؤں میں نہ ہونے دیتے، ادبی حلقوں میں اپنی اردو تحریروں کے لیے مقبول تھے، دعا ہے کہ اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کی نیکیوں، لوگوں کے ساتھ کرم گستریوں اور روز مرہ زندگی میں ان کی خوبیوں کی بدولت ان کو اپنی آغوش عفو و کرم میں لے کروہی جگہ عطا فرمائیں جو نیک بندوں کو اس کی بارگاہ میں ملا کرتی ہے، آمین۔...
The formatted initiatives of history of Arabic literature are, as ancient as illiterate era. The age had plenty of almost all literary arts, although it were not in the managed shape like Islamic and mode eras. This age had both the literary arts i.e. poetry and prose. The first one was given full attention for hearing, singing and remembering, while the prose was about to be ignored in these aspects. Despite of done practice, some prosaic arts were orally noted and copied generation to generation. Later on, the arts were put down in their proper chapters with the development of the literature in omade and abase tenures. Some varieties of the prosaic arts are hereby introduced with explanation of its historical background, famous authorities, necessity and samples. This research contains on three sections with research study of three main arts; phrases, golden words and addresses. This research is made in descriptive manner in Urdu language. The purpose is, to make Urdu literates know the limitations of Arabic prosaic arts of illiterate era. Thus, it will be a new addition for Urdu literates and writers.
Archaea represent the third domain of life and comprise a highly diverse class of microorganisms some of which can withstand extremes of temperature, pressure, pH and salinity. It is for this reason that members of this group are also collectively referred to as ―extremophiles‖. Archaea have a number of unique features such as ether-linked lipids in their cell membranes but also share several important characteristics with eukaryotes and bacteria. For example, like bacteria archaeal genomes are circular but their gene promoters and transcriptional apparatus is more closely related to the eukaryotic RNA polymerase-II system. In Sulfolobus, a model crenarchaeote, transcription is dependent on TATA binding protein (TBP), transcription factor-B1 (TFB1), and perhaps also on transcription factor-E (TFE) which serve as specificity factors for the 12 subunit RNA polymerase. Sulfolobus genome also encodes for other putative transcription factors such as TFB2, and TBP- interacting protein-49 (TIP49) whose functions remain elusive. All cells are capable of coping with transient thermal and chemical stresses by triggering expression of discrete sets of genes whose products prevent cell death. Such responses have been well documented in bacteria and eukaryotes but the effect(s) of such insults on cell morphology, proteome, genome, transcription as well as on the fates of various components of transcription in archaea remain unknown. In this study it was hypothesised that stress modulates the expression and/or stability of one or more components of Sulfolobus transcriptional apparatus. To test this, the cellular and biochemical consequences of subjecting Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 to chemical and thermal stresses as well as their effects on Sulfolobus transcription machinery were studied. Results show that elevating the temperature from 76 ̊C to iv90 ̊C (heat shock) for 5 minutes results in large scale protein aggregation and altered cellular morphology of Sulfolobus heat shocked cells. Moreover, immunochemical analyses suggested that TFE levels in heat shocked cells experience a rapid decline while its mRNA levels continue to rise even after 30 minutes of heat shock. Furthermore, temperature-shift experiments demonstrate that outgrowth of heat shocked cells is dependent on restoration of TFE levels. While heat shock promotes selective depletion of TFE and does not affect genomic or proteomic integrity to any significant extent, exposure of cells to >0.25% isopropanol or >100 mM hydrogen peroxide is detrimental. Specifically, cells treated with 2% isopropanol or 200mM hydrogen peroxide alter their morphologies and harbour degraded genomes as well as proteomes that are partially depleted. Isopropanol and hydrogen peroxide exposure does not promote random protein degradation but instead preferentially impacts fates of certain transcription factors. Whereas isopropanol mediated degradation of genomic DNA in Sulfolobus cells is not affected by EDTA, oxidative stress-induced genomic breakdown is inhibited with EDTA. Moreover, the damaging effects of 2% isopropanol or 200 mM H 2 O 2 on host genome and proteome are restricted to Sulfolobus and are not observed in either bacterial or cultured eukaryotic human cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 cells: 1) TFE is depleted by heat shock and does not appear to function as a general transcription factor, 2) thermal and chemical stresses impact the stability of TBP, TFB1, TFE, TIP49 and RpoB differentially, and 3) isopropanol and hydrogen peroxide mediated genomic DNA degradation is observed only in archaeal cells and likely occurs through different mechanisms.