الہامی مذاہب میں مشترکہ اخلاقیات کا تصور

The purpose of this paper is to guide about the main reason of clashes between revealed religions in the society. We do not clarify our vision regarding religion. People do not know about the basic ethics of our religions. So, it creates moral illness in the society. We have narrow approaches about religion and took it in very conservative thoughts. For getting out of extreme level of destruction and moral degradation it is necessary to build a universal society which consists of those social values which are common in all religions. People are inclined towards ills and far away from God that is why our society is a victim of destruction. These ills made them to go far away from God and religion. In the present era the situation is the same, people do not understand the religion properly. Only through this proper understanding, destruction, prejudice, extremism and cruelty can be removed from the society. All the religions have some common features as justice, honesty, courtesy, patience etc these features are the ethical as well as religious codes of a society and if all people follow these features an ideal society can be established. This study covers revealed religions all around the world.

Bio-Economic Studies on Water Use Efficiency for Quality Onion Bulb Production

Onion is second most important crop after tomato in the world. Due to shallow root system, absence of root hairs and reduced leaf water potential, onion is considered a drought sensitive crop. Pakistan is ranked 8th in onion production. Water availability in Pakistan is continuously declining due to population explosion and limited water storability facilities in the country. Increasing water productivity seems to be the best possible option which should be adopted for better future. Keeping in view above aspects, a study was conducted to improve water use efficiency of onion. Three different experiments were executed in the field under RCBD factorial arrangements. In the first experiment, three irrigation methods (furrow irrigation, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation) were tested with or without mulching. In the second experiment, onion crop was subjected to 50% water stress at different growth stages, vegetative, bulbing and bulb maturation (individually as well as in all possible combinations),to find out critical crop growth stage. A third experiment was conducted to determine the optimum irrigation interval and quantity needed for quality onion bulb production. All three experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013. Results indicated that alternate furrow irrigation method with mulching gave similar results as normal furrow irrigation without mulching. Among growth stages, water stress at vegetative and bulbing stage was found most destructive. Water stress at these growth stages significantly reduced plant height, leaf diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, bulb diameter, bulb weight, number of bulbs per plant, and total and marketable yield per hectare. However, significant increase in percent dry matter contents, bolting, acidity and soluble solid contents was observed under water stress. Mulching significantly improved the water use efficiency of the plant and benefit cost ratio.Results showed that under drip irrigation system, application of 3mm and 6mm water at 2 day irrigation interval is suitable for onion crop under mulched and non-mulched conditions respectively.