جدید مالیاتی ادارے اور تقسیم زکوۃ

One of the main features of the property that Islam does not allow the wealth is concentrated around few peoples; any group or class of society, but according to Islamic point of view money should be in circulation so that poor class of the society could enjoy this blessing from Almighty Allah. Zakat Distribution System is a system of fair procedure for this world by Islam; if it is implemented with true spirit of Islam it can end poverty from the society. Islam obligate rich people of the society to distribute Zakat from their wealth amongst poor people however Islam has ordered not to receiver Zakat more than their needs so that it could be distribute to other poor people of the society. Zakat is an important and has significance in Islam. Islamic law imposed the duty on the Islamic government to collect Zakat from the rich and distribute it to the poor of the society, which caused not only undermined the dignity of the poor. Islamic law imposed the duty on Islamic government to take steps of receiving Zakat. If the government imposed the proper procedures in current banks and other financial institutions to receive Zakat from the rich people of the society and distribute it amongst the poor of the society than it could help to get rid of poverty from the society and it also help for the stability of the economy of any Country?

Augmented Directory Navigation for Non-Hierarchical Retrieval of Files-360ᵒ Semantic File System

The organization of files in any desktop computer has been an issue since their inception. The file systems that are available today organize files in a strict hierarchy that facilitates their retrieval either through navigation, clicking directories and subdirectories in a tree-like structure, or searching (which allows for the finding of the desired files using a search tool). Research studies show that users rarely (4-15%) use the latter approach, thus leaving navigation as the main mechanism for retrieving files. However, navigation does not allow a user to retrieve files nonhierarchically, which makes it limited in terms of time, human effort and cognitive overload. To mitigate this issue, several Semantic File Systems (SFSs) have been periodically proposed that have made the nonhierarchical navigation of files possible by exploiting some basic semantics but no more than that. None of these systems consider aspects such as time, location, file movement, content similarity, territory, etc. together with learning from user file retrieval behaviors in identifying the desired file and accessing it in less time and with minimum human and cognitive efforts. Moreover, most of the available SFSs replace the existing file system metaphor, which is normally not acceptable to users. To mitigate these issues, this thesis proposes 360°- SFS that exploit the SFS Ontology to capture all the possible relevant file metadata and learns from user browsing behaviors to semantically retrieve the desired files both easily and timely. Based on user studies, the evaluation results show that the proposed 360°-SFS outperforms the existing traditional directory navigation and Recently Open Files.