نجیب محفوظ کا انتقال
۳۰؍ اگست ۲۰۰۶ء کو مصر کے مشہور ادیب اور ناول نگار اور ادب کا نوبل انعام حاصل کرنے والے پہلے عرب مصنف نجیب محفوظ کا انتقال ہوگیا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ ۱۱؍ دسمبر۱۹۱۱ء کو قاہرہ کے ایک متوسط گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، اس وقت ان کا خاندان محلہ جمالیہ میں رہتا تھا، ۱۹۲۴ء میں یہاں کی سکونت ترک کر کے وہ نئے طرز کے محلہ عباسیہ میں منتقل ہوگیا جہاں ان کا بچپن اور شباب گزرا، چالیس برس کی عمر میں ان کی شادی ہوئی تو یہاں کا مکان بھی چھوڑ دیا۔
ان کے والد پر جوش وطن پرست تھے اور مصر کے قوم و وطن پرست لیڈروں سے والہانہ تعلق رکھتے تھے، نجیب محفوظ گو خاموش طبع اور شورش و ہنگامہ سے دور رہتے تھے لیکن مصری قوم پرستی کی تحریک کے ہم نوا تھے، ان کو اپنے شہر سے ایسی محبت تھی کہ اس کی گلیوں اور محلوں کے نام پر کئی ناول لکھے۔
ابتدائی مرحلے کی تعلیم مکاتب اور اسکولوں میں حاصل کرنے کے بعد جامعہ فواد (قاہرہ یونیورسٹی) میں داخل ہوئے اور ۱۹۳۴ء میں بی اے کی ڈگری لی، فلسفہ ان کا خاص مضمون تھا۔
نجیب محفوظ زمانہ طفولیت سے ہی مطالعہ کے شوقین تھے، شروع میں قصے کہانی کی کتابیں پڑھتے تھے، عمر کچھ زیادہ ہوئی تو تاریخی ناولوں سے شغف ہوا، پھر اپنے عہد کے مشاہیر مصنفین طہ حسین، عباس محمود عقاد، سلامہ موسیٰ، مازنی، حسن زیات، ہیکل اور توفیق الحکیم وغیرہ کی نگارشات ان کے مطالعہ میں آئیں اور یہ ان کے خیالات سے متاثر ہوئے، سلامہ بن موسی کا رنگ ان پر زیادہ چڑھا ہوا تھا، یہ ایک قبطی عیسائی ادیب تھا جو اپنی اباحیت پسندی کی وجہ سے مسلمانوں میں مبغوض تھا، سلامہ نے التربیۃ کے نام سے اپنے خودنوشت...
Mufti Muhammad Shafi's tafseer is an important and educational extract in the Quranic field. Tafseer Muarif ul Quran has its own relevance and rank amongst others. This tafseer concentrates on current fiqhi issues and gives their solutions with strong signs It is also discussed social issues of the society. This article examines the fiqhi style and qualities of Mufti shafi "especially the study of Surah Noor" which are prominent factors of the Tafseer. This Tafseer has converted difficult terms and words into easy ways and elaborated Quranic verses with Hadith and old translations.
Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 is one of the most attractive positive electrode materials for Li-ion rechargeable batteries. In the present study, six series of low content bi-metal doped LiMn 2 O 4 with nominal compositions of LiNi x Cr y Mn 2-x-y O 4 , LiLa x Zn y Mn 2-x-y O 4 , LiCu x Cr y Mn 2-x-y O 4 , LiCu x Zn y Mn 2-x-y O 4 , LiNi x Cu y Mn 2-x-y O 4 and LiNi x Zn y Mn 2-x-y O 4 (where x = y = 0.01-0.05) were prepared by the sol-gel method. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) confirmed the formation of the pure as well as the doped spinel LiMn 2 O 4 between 285 o C and 350 o C. However, well crystallized spinel phase verified from the X-ray diffraction studies was obtained at 750 o C. XRD measurements further confirmed that all the synthesized compounds crystallized as single phase products in the cubic spinel Fd3m space group. The results showed that doping LiMn 2 O 4 with such small amount of metals has not affected the original spinel structure. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) findings agreed the used nominal compositions. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) also confirmed the purity of all the synthesized samples. SEM and TEM images showed that unlike the pure LiMn 2 O 4 , all the doped samples exhibited uniform size with smooth faceted polyhedral particles. The average particle size ranges from about 42 nm to 250 nm. High resolution TEM images also demonstrated the highly crystalline nature of all the six doped series. Cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that all the synthesized samples showed two pairs of well-defined anodic and cathodic peaks at around 4.0 V that corresponded to the redox couple of Mn 3+ / Mn 4+ . However, for the doped samples, the oxidation and reduction peaks were much closer to each other. The peak current was increased and the peak width was narrowed, indicating the reduced polarization of the bi-metal doped LiMn 2 O 4 , resulting from the faster iiinsertion/ extraction of Li + ions into the spinel matrix. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to have an insight about the synergetic effect of the bi-metal doping on the electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn 2 O 4 . The Nyquist plots showed that the charge transfer resistance (R ct ) decreases upon doping with Ni-Cr, La-Zn, Cu-Cr, Cu-Zn, Ni-Cu and Ni- Zn. The observed faster kinetics of Li + ions is attributed to the enhanced conductivities of the doped samples. Galvanostatic charge/ discharge measurements performed between 3.0 and 4.8 V for all the samples showed two plateaus around 4.0 V and 4.1 V vs. Li/ Li + that clearly demonstrated that insertion/ extraction of Li + ions takes place in two steps. The improved cycling performance of all the doped samples over the investigated 100 charge/ discharge cycles indicated that low content bi-metal doping has stabilized the spinel LiMn 2 O 4 structure by suppressing Jahn- Teller distortion. Rate capability of the pure and doped samples was also evaluated. The cells for each material were charged to 4.8 V at constant low current rate (0.1 C) and discharged to 3.0 V at 0.1 C, 0.3 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 5 C, respectively. Compared to the pure LiMn 2 O 4 which retained only 41% of the initial discharge capacity when cycled at high current rate of 5 C, the capacity retention at 5 C for the Ni-Cr, La-Zn, Cu-Cr, Cu-Zn, Ni-Cu and Ni-Zn doped samples (x = y = 0.01) was 82%, 78%, 81%, 67%, 62%, and 58%, respectively. Among the various synthesized bi-metal doped series, samples with the lowest doping metal contents LiM 0.01 M'' 0.01 Mn 1.98 O 4 (where M and M'' are the various doping metal cations used in this study) appeared to be the best composition both in terms of the initial discharge capacity as well as the rate capability.