ریاست کے اداراتی مقاصد کے تناظر میں نظریہ انفرادیت اور اجتماعیت پسندی

Individualism and Collectivism are two main theories discussed in contemporary Islam implies to create such social environment where both Individual and community could get strength from each other. Islam demands self surrender to Almighty Allah Ta'ala and orders to lead peaceful life, doing all good and avoiding bad deeds. So virtues get stronger and corruption is rooted out in all forms from the Community's social life. Any concept like class struggle or materialistic interpretation of history does not exist in Islam. Rather it provides such guidelines in the economic sphere which promote a healthy circulation of wealth. Islam introduced the concept of ‘Halal & Haram’and appreciated to observe ethical values in economic activities. Islam made man realize being answerable for all earnings and expenditures whether done rightly in accordance with the Orders of Allah Ta’ala or in wrong way defying Allah’s Orders. This outlook not only creates incentives for the individual but also safeguards the Community at the same time.

Social Support As Determinant of Social Isolation and Loneliness Among Senior Citizens

The present research is planned to find out the relationship between social support, social isolation and loneliness among older adults. Factors like gender, age, residential status (i.e. rural and urban), marital status, family system, socio economic status, and education were also taken into consideration. The study was carried out in two Phases. First Phase was further comprised of two steps. In first step of Phase-I, two scales of the present study i.e. 6-Item (short) De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (1985) and 6-item (short) scale developed by Hawthorne (2006) was used in order to assess social isolation. These scales were translated into Urdu language in order to derive more natural responses from the participants. Standardized back translation procedure was used for the translation of the measures. Moreover, the Urdu version of Social Support Scale developed by Malik (2002) was also used in current study. Second step of Phase-I was accounted for the assurance of psychometric soundness of the scales. A sample of 75 older adults, conveniently approached, was used to ensure the alpha reliabilities along with other descriptive analyses. Phase-II of the present study was planned for hypotheses testing. Purposive convenient sampling technique was used to draw the sample of 500 older adults from both urban and rural areas of the various districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. An appropriate statistical analysis according to the new version of SPSS was used to draw conclusions. The age of the sample ranged from 60 to 90 years (M = 67.59, SD = 7.54). Alpha coefficients, for the all variable were computed, which ranged between. 60 for social loneliness to. 96 for social support total scale. This indicates that reliabilities are found to be satisfactory for various scales of the study. Linear regression analysis revealed that overall social support is significant negative predictor of social loneliness, emotional loneliness, overall loneliness, and social isolation. In order to examine the effect of the sub constructs of social support on outcome variables the multiple regression analysis was computed which demonstrated instrumental support and tangible aid as significant negative predictors of social isolation. Emotional support and social network support were found to be the significant predictors of social loneliness, emotional loneliness, overall loneliness, and social isolation, whereas esteem support negatively predicted social loneliness, emotional loneliness, and social isolation. Significant gender differences were found on social support and its sub constructs, whereas significant difference on all study variables were also observed for x residential status (i.e. urban or rural), age, and socio economic status. Marital status further demonstrated significant difference on emotional loneliness, overall loneliness, social isolation, and various constructs of social support. Limitations of the present study, suggestions for future empirical endeavors, and both practical as well as theoretical implications of current study have also been discussed.