مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی
نظام دکن کی مجلس میں فرماں روایان اودھ کی بزم دوشیں کا ایک ٹمٹماتا چراغ مدت سے جل رہا تھا، افسوس کہ وہ ۳؍ مئی ۱۹۳۳ء کی شب کو چمنستان روزگار کی بیاسی بہاریں دیکھ کر ہمیشہ کے لئے خاموش ہوگیا، مولانا حیدر علی نظمؔ طباطبائی لکھنوی المخاطب بہ نواب حیدریار جنگ بہادر نے بیاسی سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی، لکھنؤ وطن تھا، اخیرشاہ اودھ کے دربار کی خزاں دیکھی تھی، مٹیا برج کلکتہ کی شاعرانہ مجلسوں کی یادگار تھے، علوم عربیہ کے علاوہ شعرو سخن کے فنون پر کامل عبور رکھتے تھے، اس عمر کے باوجود اخیر تک علمی کاموں میں مصروف و منہمک رہے، شرح غالب اور بعض رسائل و مقالات یادگار ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ کرم فرمائے۔
حیدرآباد دکن کے سفر میں اخیر وقت میں ان سے ملنے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۳۳ء)
Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.
Theoretical Investigations on Enhancement of Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Doped X12Y12 Nanocages Materials with nonlinear optical response find applications in laser physics, optical fibers, optical computing, optical data handling, optical wave guides and gyroscopes, optical limiters, sensors and scanners. A number of strategies have appeared in the literature to design high performance nonlinear optical materials. A few well studied strategies are bond length alternation (BLA), synthesis of octupolar molecules, molecules with diradical character electrides, and alkalides. A relatively less explored strategy is doping of organic and inorganic systems with alkali metals. Doping with alkali metal generates diffuse excess electrons which reduce the transition energies for crucial excitations. The present research aims at exploring the potential of alkali and alkaline earth metal doping on the nonlinear optical response of X12Y12 nanocages. The objective of this study is not only to find the best nano-cage for doping but also to compare alkali metal with alkaline earth metal doping (substitutional and exohedral). Prior to this study, the literature illustrated only exohedral doping of alkali metal on Al12N12 nano-cage. In this study, Al12N12, B12N12, Al12P12 and B12P12 nanocages were studied. The stabilities of exohedral and substitutional doped nanocages are evaluated through adsorption and cohesive energies, respectively. The exohedral complexes of alkali metal are quite stable as reflected from their adsorption energies; however, certain alkaline earth metal doped systems have negligible adsorption energies. Cohesive energies of substitutional doped nanocages were less than the undoped system. Regardless of the doping mode, the HOMO-LUMO gaps are reduced significantly. The H-L gaps are reduced up to 74% of the original value. The maximum change in H-L gap is observed for Ca@PtopAl12P12 where the gap is reduced to 74.4% of the pristine AlP nanocage. The decrease in H-L gap also reduced the energies for crucial excitation which leads to significantly higher hyperpolarizabilities. The hyperpolarizabilities of the doped nanocages generally range from 1.3×102 au to 7.9×105 au which are several orders of magnitude higher than the values for pristine nanocages. Two level model is also applied to rationalize the obtained hyperpolarizabilities of certain doped systems. The trends of xi hyperpolarizabilities from two level method agree with the hyperpolarizability values from DFT calculations. 2nd hyperpolarizability values, which are real measure of practical application of a system are evaluated through βvec, are also remarkably high and in the same order as first hyperpolarizabilities. The participation of diffuse excess electrons in boosting nonlinear optical response of these doped systems is confirmed through analysis of partial densities of states. The results offer new insight into structure property relationship of inorganic fullerenes in designing new high performance nonlinear optical materials.