چودھری خوشی محمد ناظرؔ مرحوم
کشمیر جنت نظیر کا ایک پھول یکم اکتوبر ۱۹۴۴ء کی رات کو مرجھا کر گرگیا، یعنی چودھری خوشی محمد ناظر نے اس تاریخ کو بعارضۂ فالج و فات پائی۔
آج کل کے نئے نرالے ادیب، نئے ادب کے نقیب یہ سمجھتے ہیں، کہ وہی اپنے زمانہ کے نئے نرالے ہیں، حالانکہ نیا اور پرانا ہونا ہمیشہ اسی طرح سے ہوتا آیا ہے جس طرح جوان اور بوڑھا ہونا، اب اگر کوئی آج کا جوان یہ سمجھے کہ دنیا میں وہی پہلی مرتبہ جوان ہوا ہے، تو وہ کیسا احمق ہے، اسی طرح آج کے نئے ادیب و شاعر جو ادب کو زندگی سے وابستہ کرنا چاہتے ہیں، اگر وہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ وہی پہلی دفعہ یہ راگ الاپ رہے ہیں، تو اُن کے اس خیال کو حماقت کہتے ہوئے تو ڈرتا ہوں،مگر پھر کیا کہوں۔
آج جس مرحوم کی یاد کے مزار پر دو آنسو بہانا چاہتا ہوں وہ کبھی اپنے دور میں نیا اور نرالا شاعر تھا، اردو ادب کے تجدیدی دور میں بیسویں صدی کا پہلا سال ۱۹۰۱ء اس حیثیت سے یادگار ہے کہ شیخ عبدالقادر کے مخزن کا جلوس انگریزی و عربی خوانوں کے جلو میں اسی سال نکلا تھا، اسی رسالہ نے اقبال کے نام کو اچھالا، خوشی محمد ناظر کو پبلک میں پیش کیا اسی میں ابوالکلام کا پہلا مضمون اخبار چھپا، حسرت موہانی نے شعر و ادب پر دادِ سخن پہلے اسی میں دی، خود راقم الحروف کا پہلا مضمون ’’وقت‘‘ اسی میں شائع ہوا، اور اس زمانہ کے کتنے بوڑھے ادیب و شاعر سب سے پہلے اسی کے صفحات پر ظاہر ہوئے۔
ناظر کا وطن پنجاب میں لائل پور کے ضلع میں چک جھمرا ایک گاؤں تھا، ابتدائی اور ثانوی تعلیم دیہات کے سرکاری مدرسہ میں پائی، مگر ساتھ ہی اپنے گاؤں کے فارسی مکتب...
This study was conducted purposely to assess the degree of school effectiveness among public secondary schools of Zamfara State, Nigeria. In order to achieve this fundamental objective, one research question was formulated. A descriptive survey research design was adopted in the study. Population of the study comprised the entire 2361 classroom teachers deployed in the 158 public secondary schools of Zamfara State-Nigeria. From the population of the study, a sample size of 266 teachers was extracted using a ‘Multistage Random Sampling Technique’. A semi-structured questionnaire developed by Lezzote and Snyder (2011) on a five Likert type scale instrument with 21 items was employed as an instrument for data collection. The instrument composite reliability was computed using Cronbach’s alpha method and obtained the value of .949. All data covered in the study were collected through a field survey approach. Analytically, the current study discovered that, the degree of school effectiveness was at a high extent with mean score (M=3.68, SD=0.15). Based on this finding, the paper recommends that, stakeholders in educational sector comprising government’s ministries, departments and agencies, policymakers, secondary schools’ principals, instructional teachers as well as the learners and their parents/guardians should reciprocally work together in the process of appropriate perpetration and advancement of effective school system and its practices.
Presently many chemicals have been identified that produce ethylene in the air of soil. Calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) is one of them and is being considered well known source of ethylene (C 2 H 4 ). The C 2 H 4 released from CaC 2 is not thoroughly investigated particularly for production of vegetables with improved quality. Laboratory, pot and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium carbide on tomato seed germination, growth, yield, photosynthesis and quality parameters. The first experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the best rate of calcium carbide for seed germination, root and shoot growth rate of five different tomato cultivars. It was found that application of CaC 2 @ 15 mg per Petri plate was the best among all rates that improved seed germination, root and shoot growth. Tomato cultivars performed better were selected for the next experiment. The three selected cultivars were grown in compost medium containing three different rates of calcium carbide with different five coatings in growth room under controlled conditions. Results showed that CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg cup -1 with polyethylene, paint and paraffin coatings performed relatively better. In the 3rd experiment best selected calcium carbide based formulations in three different rates were further compared in the presence of recommended fertilizers in a pot study. Thus comparison included their effect on tomato growth, yield, photosynthetic activity and quality parameters. Data on plant height, number of flower per plant and proportion to fruit drop, yield of tomato fruit, root and shoot dry weight, and nitrogen uptake clearly showed positive effect of CaC 2 in the presence of fertilizer on all stages of growth of tomato compared to control (fertilizer only). One further pot experiment was conducted to know the best rate and time of application of formulated calcium carbide in the presence of recommended fertilizer. Results obtained were compared with those obtained from control treatment (containing fertilizer only). It is evident from the results that CaC 2 applied 2 weeks after transplanting performed better among all rates and times of application in improving almost all growth and yield parameters of tomato. Based upon the results from laboratory and pot trials, field experiment was conducted to verify the results obtained from previous experiments. In this field experiment, effect of different rates of coated CaC 2 was investigated on two best performing cultivars selected from previous experiment. The results showed that application of CaC 2 at the rate of 200 mg plant -1 not only improved growth and yield parameters of both tomato cultivars but also enhanced N uptake by different plant parts and improved nitrogen use efficiency. Overall results suggest that addition of calcium carbide along with recommended doses of fertilizers improved fruit yield more than 40 % by improving yield contributing parameters and N use efficiency. Furthermore, quality parameters related to physical appearance and chemical composition of tomato fruits were also improved by the application of CaC 2. These parameters are very much required for improvement in shelf life and processing of tomato products. In the nutshell, results confirm the growth regulator role of CaC 2 in improving the growth, yield and quality of tomato.