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The Land and People of North Waziristan Agency

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Tariq Aziz

Department

Pakistan Study Centre

Program

MA

Institute

University of Peshawar

Institute Type

Public

City

Peshawar

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2002

Degree End Year

2004

Subject

Pak Studies

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710773582

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مایوسی گناہ ہے

مایوسی گناہ ہے
اللہ تعالیٰ نے انسان کو اشرف المخلوقات بنایا اور پھر اس کے سر پر عظمت کا تاج سجایا۔ اس کو دیگر مخلوقات پر فوقیت دی، اس کی عظمت کا راز اس کی عقل سلیم میں رکھا کیونکہ دیگر مخلوقات میں شرف و بزرگی کا عنقاء عدم عقل و خرد ہے، اور پھر اُس کوصحیح اور غلط کی پہچان نصیب فرمائی۔ اور اُس کی رفعت کے حصول کے لیے کوشش کومحمودگردانا۔
ارشاد ِباری تعالیٰ ہے کہ ’’انسان کے لیے وہی کچھ ہے جس کے لیے وہ کوشش کرے۔‘‘
اگر ہاتھ پر ہاتھ دھرے بیٹھار ہے اور تگ و دو اور شبانہ روز کوشش سے دست کش ہو جائے مایوسی کے ظلمت کدہ کا مکیں بن جائے ، نا امیدی کے عفریت کے جبڑوں میں پھنس جائے تو پھر بلیّات و مصائب کے مہیّب سائے تو اُس کے آنگن میں آ سکتے ہیں ، خوش بختی اور خوش نصیبی کے آفتاب کی کرنوں سے اس کا گھر محروم رہے گا۔
مایوسی و یسے گناہ ہے۔ نا امیدی کے سائے کے نیچے پروان چڑھنے والا پودا کبھی شجر سایہ دار نہیں بن سکتا۔ نا امیدی کے گلستان میں کھلنے والے گلہائے رنگا رنگ خوشبو کی راحت افزاء مہک سے عاری ہوتے ہیں ، مایوسی کے خار ہائے نوک دار پر پاپیادہ شخص آبلہ پائی کا شکار ہوسکتا ہے ہریرو پرنیاں اور مخمل کا احساس اُس سے کوسوں دور ہوتا ہے۔
قرآنِ پاک میں ارشادِ باری تعالیٰ ہے کہ ’’ لا تقنطو من رحمۃ اللہ‘‘اللہ تعالیٰ کی رحمت سے نا امید مت ہوں ۔ بحثیت مسلمان تو نا امیدی ویسے بھی گناہ اور حرام ہے۔ انسان جب امید سے اپنے دامن کو پر رکھتا ہے تو مسرتیں اور راحتیں اس کے دروازے پر دستک دیتی رہتی ہیں۔ اور امید ہی کی کرن اس کو حیات نوبخشتی ہے۔
کسان...

Analisis Prediksi Kebangkrutan Perusahaan Jasa Sektor Transportasi Di BEI Periode 2019-2021

This research aims to determine the prediction and level of accuracy of bankruptcy predictions between the Altman, Zmijewski, Grover, Springate, Fulmer, and Foster models. The sample used in this research is a transportation sector service company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique and obtained a sample size of 21 companies from a population of 47 companies. In this research, the data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. Based on the results of data analysis, there are differences in results between the Altman, Zmijewski, Grover, Springate, Fulmer, and Foster models in predicting bankruptcy. The accuracy levels obtained from the highest to the lowest respectively were the Grover model (76%), Zmijewski model (71%), Springate model (67%). Fulmer model (57%), Altman model (43%), and Foster model (38%). The Grover model is a bankruptcy prediction model that has the highest accuracy rate of 76%.

Enhanced Production of Biofuel from Sugar Industry Waste

The continuous upturn in the cost of petroleum and increasing energy crises has directed the world’s interest to focus on alternative renewable energy resources. Recently, bioethanol is emerging as an alternative fuel to substitute gasoline, which is petroleum derived source of conventional energy. A significant variety of feedstocks can be used for the production of bioethanol; however, sugar industry waste is considered as the best option to evade food vs. fuel debate. In this study, two industrial wastes i.e. sugarcane molasses and bagasse were converted to bioethanol using different microbial strains and pretreatment strategies. To improve bioethanol production, different yeast strains were isolated from numerous sources, and MZ-4 labeled strain was selected on the basis of its maximum ethanol tolerance i.e. 15% (v/v). MZ-4 strain was then identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 18SrRNA sequencing, and later compared with a comparatively better commercially available strain Lalvin EC-1118 strain, which was maximally tolerant to 18% (v/v) ethanol. The physicochemical parameters were optimized for both strains independently. During batch fermentation by strain MZ-4, the maximum ethanol yield was determined as 11.1% (v/v) with 69.3% fermentation efficiency, when pH 5 was adjusted for molasses dilution containing 25% (w/v) sugar concentration with 10% inoculum before incubation at 33°C for 72 h. However, Lalvin EC-1118 strain showed comparatively less ethanol yield of 10.9% (v/v) with fermentation efficiency of 68.1% under its optimal conditions i.e. pH 4.5; inoculum size of 7.5% and incubation at 30°C for 72 h. Additionally, the study on effect of various nitrogen sources showed that, MZ-4 produced more ethanol when 0.1% (w/v) NH 4 Cl was added; whereas, Lalvin EC-1118 demonstrated better production after the addition of 0.1% (w/v) (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 . Moreover, it was also observed that MZ-4 and Lalvin EC-1118 exhibited better yields when 0.01 and 0.04% (w/v) of K 4 Fe(CN) 6 was used respectively, as a chelating agent. During the fed batch fermentation, Lalvin EC-1118 produced a greater ethanol yield of 13.9% with fermentation efficiency of 81.1%, when 1.090 specific gravity of molasses dilution was adjusted and fed after every 12 h. However, the strain MZ-4 showed better fermentation efficiency of 83.2% with comparatively less Enhanced production of biofuel from sugar industry waste Page xviiiethanol yield i.e. 13.5% (v/v) by using molasses dilution of same specific gravity and 24 h feeding interval. Meanwhile, one of the main challenges for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic material such as sugarcane bagasse is the recalcitrance of the biomass. A second study evaluated the efficiency of an ionic liquid (IL) i.e. 1- butyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([C 4 mim][OAc]) pretreatment at 110°C for 30 min, and compared it with high temperature autohydrolysis pretreatment (i.e. 110°C for 30 min, 190°C for 10 min and 205°C for 6 min). It was found that sugarcane bagasse exhibited a considerable decrease in lignin content, reduced cellulose crystallinity, and enhanced cellulose and xylan digestibility, when subjected to IL pretreatment. Pretreated samples were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to verify these findings. Altogether, cellulose and xylan digestibility of IL pretreated bagasse was determined as 97.4 and 98.6% after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. In the case of autohydrolysis, the maximum of cellulose and xylan digestibility was determined after 72 h as 62.1 and 5.7% from bagasse pretreated at 205°C for 6 min, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis also showed a significant reduction in crystallinity of IL pretreated bagasse samples. During fermentation process, IL pretreated and autohydrolyzed bagasse (205°C for 6 min) exhibited maximum ethanol production of 78.8 and 70.9 mg/g substrate after 24 h of fermentation, respectively. Comparatively, the fermentation of bagasse autohydrolyzed at 190°C for 10 min and 110°C for 30 min yielded maximum ethanol of 66.0 and 28.4 mg/g substrate by using S. cerevisiae Lalvin EC-1118, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that, fed batch fermentation is employed for the maximum ethanol yield from sugarcane molasses using Lalvin EC-1118 strain, while IL pretreated bagasse gives maximum yield when fermented with strain MZ-4.