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Education in North Waziristan Agency

Thesis Info

Author

Sher Nawaz Khan

Department

Pakistan Study Centre

Program

MA

Institute

University of Peshawar

Institute Type

Public

City

Peshawar

Country

Pakistan

Degree Starting Year

2002

Degree End Year

2004

Subject

Pak Studies

Language

English

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676710775978

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8 تلاشی کوٹ دی

تلاشی کوٹ دی

 

                چاچا اﷲ دتہ نے اپنے ہرے رنگ دے کوٹ دا اپر والا بٹن بند کردے آکھیا ’’انور پتر! شام نوں بازار توں پرتدے ہویاں میرے لئی دلیے دا اک ڈبہ تے لے آویں‘‘ ایہہ کہہ کے اوہناں دو پرانے دس دس والے نوٹ میرے ول وادھائے ’’چاچا! ایس دی کیہہ لوڑ اے؟ میں لے آواں گا‘‘ میں رسماً آکھیا۔

                ’’او نئیں پتر! میرے کول نہ ہوون تاں ہورگل اے‘‘ میں چاچے کولوں پیسے پھڑے تے بازار ٹرگیا، چاچا اﷲ دتہ ساڈے پنڈدے بزرگاں وچوں سن۔ ساڈے گھر توں اوہ تن گھر چھڈ اک کلی ورگے گھر وچ رہندے سن جس دا صرف اک ای کمرہ سی۔ بچے ہے نئیں سن تے گھر والی کدوں دی اﷲ کول ٹرگئی ہوئی سی۔ عمر وچ اوہ سٹھ دے لگ بھگ ہوون گے۔ جدوں وی اوہناں نوں کوئی بازار دا کم ہوندا تاں اوہ کسے وی بازار جارہے ہوندے بندے نوں آکھ دیندے۔ ہر بندہ ہس کے اوہناں دا کم کردا سی۔ اج مینوں بازار جاندے ویکھ کے اوہناں مینوں اپنے کم دا آکھ دتا۔ میں شامیں دلیا اوہناں نوں لیا کے دے دتا۔ چاچا اﷲ دتہ نوں سارے پنڈ والے وڈے چھوٹے چاچا ای آکھدے سن۔ اوہناں دی شخصیت بہت گنبھل دار سی تے اوہناں دا ہرے رنگ دا کوٹ جس نوں اوہ ہر ویلے پائی رکھدے اوہناں دی شخصیت نوں ہور گھنجل دار بنا دیندا سی۔ کوٹ اتے دو چوڑیاں لکیراں سن گرمی ہووے بھانویں سردی کوٹ ہر ویلے اوہناں دے جثے اتے رہندا۔ مینوں یاد نئیں کہ میں کدے اوہناں نوں بغیر کوٹ دے ویکھیا ہووے۔ چاچا نوں کئی لوک مذاق وچ کہہ دیندے سن ’’بھئی ایس کوٹ اند رکیہڑا خزانہ اے جو ایس نوں ہر ویلے پائی پھر دا ایں‘‘...

رویہ صارف (Consumer Behavior) اور اسلامی اخلاقیات

Consumer Behavior means behavior of consumers about buying goods and services in the market. Consumer behavior entails all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services, including the consumer emotional, mental and behavioral responses that precede or follow these activities. The following article discusses consumer behavior in the light of Islamic ethics, and explains different aspects of consumer behavior according to Islamic moral values and also given suggestions to consumers and marketers to adopt Islamic buying and selling behavior, which is beneficial not only for individual but also to human as a whole. The consumer behavior in the modern capitalist economy plays very important role, not only in consumption but also in the production and services.

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Rock Phosphate Enriched Compost on Growth, Yield and P Nutrition of Cereals

Relatively poor bioavailability of P in soil from the applied expensive phosphatic fertilizers due to fixation/precipitation is considered one of the most critical factors in limiting optimum crop yields. Thus use of cheap P sources and enhancing P bioavailability is considered viable approach/ strategy and is direly needed under the current prevailing situation for sustainable crop production. Rock phosphate (RP) is a cheap source of P but cannot be used directly as a soil amendment because of its extremely poor water solubility (0.1%). However, the bioavailability of RP-P can be enhanced by complexing it with compost and/ or through the use of specific bioinoculants. A series of studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various approaches to solubilize RP-P and the impact of bioavailable RP-P on growth and yield of wheat and maize under wire house and field conditions was assessed. Two soil incubation studies were conducted for 15 weeks to determine the potential of solubilization of RP. In first study soil was spiked with RP, RP + P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), while in second study soil was amended either with RP, RP + compost, RP- enriched compost (RP-EC) and RP-EC + PSB to determine the release of bioavailable P from RP. Results of first incubation study revealed that RP + PSB, while in second study, RP-EC + PSB resulted in maximum release of plant available P in soil. In both the studies, addition of RP alone did not provide plant available P in soil. The results of these incubation studies were further investigated for their validity by conducting a series of pot and field trials on wheat and maize. Firstly, the efficacy of PSB and ACC-deaminase PGPR in solubilizing RP-P and uptake of P on wheat was investigated. The results verified the findings of incubation trial as bioinoculants (PSB or PSB + ACC-deaminase PGPR) plus RP significantly improved growth contributing parameters of wheat in comparison to RP alone. The results of growth parameters of wheat recorded in case of RP plus PSB + ACC deaminase PGPR were almost comparable to NPK control. Similarly RP-EC substitutions of 25% or 50% of the P requirements of the crop in the presence or absence of bioinoculants were also investigated for their impact on growth of test crops compared to NPK control. Results recorded that without inoculation, 25% replacement of P dose by RP-EC proved better than NPK control while substitution by 50% of P dose with RP-EC was relatively less effective than NPK control. However inoculation with PSB or PSB + ACC-deaminase PGPR proved effective under all the fertilizer treatments with different degree of efficacy. Application of 50% RP-EC with 24dual inoculation of PSB and ACC-deaminase PGPR proved to be the best combination in promoting growth and yield of wheat and maize in both pot and field trials. Similarly P contents as well as P-uptake of grain and straw improved substantially. Other treatments also produced higher yield contributing traits than uninoculated NPK control but with relatively less efficiency. The findings further verified the results of soil incubation studies with respect to their effectiveness of various treatments. It is very likely that both compost and PSB helped in solubilization of insoluble P while ACC-deaminase supported efficient uptake of P by improving root growth. The results of these studies may imply that RP-EC plus seed inoculation with novel PGPR proved to be a viable approach to use low grade RP and organic waste for sustained crop production as well as for promoting healthier environment.