عشقی الہاشمی
عشقی الہاشمی(۱۹۰۹ء ۔۱۹۸۳ئ)کا اصل نام جعفر علی اور عشقیؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ عشقیؔ سیالکوٹ کے سادات نقوی خاندان میں ہوئے۔ آپ عربی فارسی میں خدا داد قابلیت رکھتے تھے اور علومِ شرقیہ کے بہترین اساتذہ میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ عشقیؔ نے شاعری میں علی طالب الہٰ آباد ی اور لسان الہند مرزا ہادی عزیز لکھنوی سے فیض حاصل کیا۔ سیالکوٹ میں عشقیؔ کے بہت زیادہ شاگرد تھے۔ جنھوں نے اُردو شاعری میں اعلیٰ مقام حاصل کیا۔ اصغر سودائیؔ اور تابؔ اسلم جیسے کاملِ فن شعرا عشقیؔ کے تلمذ میں رہے۔(۴۴۱)
آپ نے مجلہ در’’نجف‘‘ میں بحیثیت مدیر معاون کام کیا۔ ’’شبابِ اردو‘‘ ،اور’’نوروز‘‘ کی ادارت بھی سنبھالی ۔اور امر تسر کے ہفت روزہ ’’مجلہ آرٹ‘‘ کے مدیر بھی رہے۔ (۴۴۲) ’’سر شک بہار‘‘ ،’’مطلع الانوار‘‘ ،’’سوزو ساز‘‘ ،’’سہا و سمن‘‘ اور ’’غزلستان‘‘ عشقیؔ کے چار شعری مجموعے ہیں۔’’العروض ‘‘تصنیف میں فنِ شاعری پر تنقید اور تبصرے شامل ہیں۔(۴۴۳)
عشقیؔ روایتی شاعر ہیں ان کے ہاں کوئی جدت نظر نہیں آتی۔ عشقی ؔ کے اسلوب پر دبستان دہلی اورلکھنو کے اثرات بھی دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں ۔ اُن کی غزلیات چھوٹی اور لمبی بحروں میں ہیں ۔شاعری میں قافیہ اور ردیف پر بہت زور دیتے ہیں ۔ان کی اکثر غزلیات کی طویل ردیفیں ہیں ایسا لگتا ہے جیسے وہ شاعری پر قافیہ اور ردیف کو فوقیت دیتے ہیں ۔ مذکورہ بالا خامیوں کے باوجود عشقیؔ کے ہاں آفاقی موضوعاتِ شاعری بھی موجود ہیں۔ اخلاقیات،رجائیت،قومیت،حقیقت پسندی،اصلاح ،عشقِ مجازی اور عشقِ حقیقی عشقیؔ کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
قوم پر جب زوال آتا ہے
نوجوان بے لگام ہوتے ہیں
جن کو جینے کا آ گیا طریق
ان کے اونچے مقام ہوتے ہیں
جو بشر احترام کرتے ہیں
The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
This research project is confined to study the influence of climate changes on major crops (cotton, rice, sugar cane and wheat) in irrigated and rainfed regions of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The study mainly focused on the role of trees to overcome fast climate changes. The chief objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of forest sector in the mitigation of climate change. In addition, the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed in identification of tree seeds. Secondary data regarding economically important crops and forest tree species in respect to climate change was collected from forest department, agriculture department and local farmers as well as primary data from resource persons in respective fields. In total, twenty species of forest trees were selected, collected and ethnobotanically documented for their economic uses. Out of these species; eight tree species were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze their seeds morphology for correct identification. The main focus of SEM was on seed sculpturing in order to develop linkage with climate change and seed morphology. A cross sectional secondary data of 345 farmers from 25 districts of the Punjab province was obtained to estimate the marginal impact on net farm revenue with reference to temperature and precipitation. In case of Rabi-Kharif configuration of climatic variables, Net Farm Revenue (NFR) showed an increase of $ 654.67 per hectare with 10oC increase in Rabi maximum temperature while non-irrigated farms were confronting a decrease of $ 2583.18. The model identified that with the increase of 10oC in winter and summermaximum temperatures; there would be decrease in NFR by $ 1608.49 and $ 1479.24 respectively. It is observed that the marginal impacts were negative under all yearly based climatic variables. The farmers operating under non-irrigated environment were the extreme sufferers because of non-availability of irrigation water. It was further noticed that temperature’s fluctuation was more serious than rainfall patterns. In addition to this, primary information was also documented using in-depth interviews from resource persons in the field of agriculture farm lands and forestry.In this regard, the narratives of various technical and policy experts regarding the influence of climate change on forests of Pakistan were introduced. Both the implicit and explicit connections of these narratives were assessed in order to develop linkage with current findings. Both qualitative and quantitative information were analyzed in the form of tables, figures and schematic diagrams to present economically important crops and tree species under the impact of climate change. The findings of the study urged the policy makers for the mobilization of extension services radically to execute adaptation strategies in most vulnerable regions. The research also suggests the need for investing more in farmer’s education, afforestation, participatory forest management and improved institutional support for climate change adaptation. On an overall basis, the myopic look into matter of impact of climate change that has been taken on multidimensional angles may provide new vistas of plant sciences. The composite analysis finally integrates the findings of qualitative, quantitative ad laboratory experiments in the shape of an innovative matrix. Based on these findings, it is strongly recommended that some adaptation measures need to be taken for avoiding the impact of climate change on wheat, cotton, sugar cane and rice. Small farmers, being highly vulnerable to climate change should be provided financial and technical support to cope with its negative impact on Net Farm Revenue. A special climate resilient package should be available for the farmers of non-irrigated areas. Similarly, institutional development and regulatory mechanism need to be framed for forest management under change climate scenarios. A strong coordination across agriculture department, forest department and food security ministry should be maintained so as to collectively respond the odd impact of climate change on agriculture and forest trees.