Islamization under General Zia Al-Haq (1977-1988) : An Analysis

As a result of the political crisis in Pakistan, the Martial Law regime of General Zia Al-Haq came into power on July 5, 1977. The process of Islamization was given a new boost during the period of Zia Al-Haq 1977- 1988. He launched a comprehensive scheme to eradicate non-Islamic practices in Pakistani state and society. His Islamization program contemplated significant reforms in the legal-constitutional, socioeconomic and educational institutions of Pakistan. The principles of Zakāt -‘Ushr ordinance, Islamic Ḥudūd and Penal code were introduced in the country. To Islamizing the economy Ribā abandoning and Profit and Loss sharing accounts in banks were initiated. Besides, he renamed parliament as Majlis Al-Shūrā; the Federal Sharī‘at Court, Sharī‘at Appellate Benches and Sharī‘ah Council were established in the country. Under the umbrella of Nizām-e-Muṣṭafā, social reforms were introduced, through the stressing of sanctity of the Holy month of Ramaḍān, enforcement of the bans on gambling and encouragement of chadar for women. Un-Islamic programs were banned on television and radio and news in Arabic was made compulsory. The stated objectives of President Zia’s Islamization policies were to lead Pakistan in the direction of truly Islamic state. However, the critics of his polices considered it a tool for legitimizing and enhancing his political powers in the country.

Isolation of Salmonella from Commercial Eggs, Non-Commercial Eggs and Egg Storing Traysto Determine its Prevalencesin District Mianwali

Bacterial genus Salmonella causes food borne illness called Salmonellosis. It is characterized by the typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. Sources of Salmonella are poultry, egg, egg based food items, meat etc. It is the major zoonotic pathogen distributed worldwide and is the major cause of food borne disease in developing countries like Pakistan. Due to their low price, good taste and nutritious importance people prefer poultry products especially eggs. Salmonella cause a lot of problems to public health that result in economic consequences in worldwide. To investigate the prevalence of Salmonella 240 samples were collected across District Mianwali. Out of 240, eighty samples were of commercial eggs, eighty were of non-commercial eggs and eighty were of egg storing tray samples collected from local markets and house farms of District Mianwali. Selective media used for Salmonella was Hektoen enteric agar. Incidence of Salmonella in egg shells was 32.5% and 27.5%, in egg content was 15% and 12.5% and in egg storing trays was 40% and 32.5% in samples of commercial eggs, non-commercial egg samples and samples of trays used for egg storage that were collected from local markets and house farms respectively. Salmonella prevalence was highest in tray samples and lowest in samples of egg content in both sampling sites. Salmonella prevalence in albumin and yolk was 15%, 12.5% and 10%, 5% in egg content of commercial eggs and non-commercial eggs respectively. Overall Salmonella contamination in local market samples and house farm samples was 29.17% and 24.17% respectively. The Salmonella prevalence in samples of house farms was lower than the local markets samples collected across Mianwali District.