اسلام میں قتل کی حرمت
اسلام نے نہ صرف قتل و غارت گری سے روکا بلکہ اس غلط کام کے مفاسد بھی بیان کیے تاکہ انسان اس گناہ سے بچ سکے۔ قتل ناحق کو سب سے بڑا جرم قرار دیا گیا، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے
﴿ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا النَّفْسَ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَمَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا فَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا لِوَلِيِّهِ سُلْطَانًا فَلَا يُسْرِفْ فِي الْقَتْلِ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مَنْصُورًا ﴾178
"جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ نے حرام کیا ہے اس کو قتل نہ کرو مگر حق شرعی کے ساتھ اور جو شخص ظلم کے ساتھ مارا جائے ہم نے اس کے وارث کو غلبہ دیا ہے تو اس کو چاہیے کہ وہ قتل میں زیادتی نہ کرے۔ بلاشبہ اس کی مدد کی گئی ہے۔ "
اور جس شخص کے قتل کرنے کو اللہ تعالیٰ نے قواعد شرعیہ کی رو سے حرام فرمایا ہے ۔ اس کو قتل مت کرو، ہاں مگر حق پر قتل کرنا درست ہے ، یعنی جب وجوب یا اباحت قتل کا کوئی سبب شرعی پایا جائے ، اس وقت وہ "حرم اللہ " میں داخل نہیں اور جو شخص ناحق قتل کیا جائے توہم نے اس کے وارث حقیقی یا حکمی کو قصاص لینے کا شرعا اختیار دیا ہے۔ سو اس کے قتل کے بارے میں حدِ شرعی سے تجاوز نہیں کرنا چاہیے ، یعنی قاتل کے علاوہ کسی اور کو قتل نہ کرے، کیونکہ وہ شخص زیادتی نہ کرنے کی صورت میں شرعا ًتو طرفداری کے قابل ہے اور زیادتی کرنے سے فریق ثانی طرفداری کے قابل ہو جائےگا ۔ اس لیے زیادتی کر کے منصوریت سے خارج نہیں ہونا چاہیے۔
مندرجہ ذیل شرعی وجوہات کی بنا پر مسلمان کا قتل جائز قرار دیاگیا، جیسا کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے فرمایا
" لاَ يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ، يَشْهَدُ...
Manuscript is a handwritten book. The writer of such book is known as "khattat". In the field of research editing and Makhtoota hold primary position. No research is possible without it. Editing is the farther goal than research. Therefore, being an expert in the manuscript is an obligatory factor for editing Manuscripts are the richest treasure of the human civilization, and their great contribution. They are the chronological records of past memories, incidents and circumstances. They need great expertise to understand these. A person who is not capable expert of manuscripts, he can’t carry out the research or editing task effectively.
This study was carried out by considering the importance of proper storage and composting of poultry litter (PL) for its nutrient conservation and stability. In the first experiment, five storage methods were compared for their effects on nutrient dynamics and microbial diversity in PL under composting and un- composting conditions. Storage methods included: shed, covered (plastic sheet), open-air, pit, and lined floor. The pile / pit size was 2 m × 2 m × 1 m (L × W × H or D), and the quantity of poultry litter in each one was 500 kg. Composite PL samples were collected after an interval of 15 days until 90 days for the determination of organic C, macro- (N, P and K) and micro-nutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) contents and microbial population counts. Data recorded during storage and/or composting were statistically analyzed through three-way ANOVA including time, storage methods and composting conditions as variables. There was significant successive reduction of organic C contents / C:N ratio and improvement in macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in the processed PL with increased storage time both under composting and un-composting conditions. Composting proved statistically superior to un-composting for all the parameters tested. Among the storage methods, PL composted under plastic cover resulted in the highest nutrient contents and the lowest C:N ratio; while shed storage without composting gave the poorest results. Composting under covered storage method gave significantly higher Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn contents (487, 277, 778 and 331 μg g- 1 , respectively) compared to that with other methods. Microbial populations in the PL under various treatments also varied significantly during the study period. The highest count of bacteria (8.36×108) was under composting at 60 days, while PL filled in pits showed the highest number (8.42×108). Actinomycetes population was highest (8.02×106) at 75 days of composting, and pit storage method gave the maximum count (8.85×106). The highest population of fungi (7.06×104) was found at 45 days of composting and in pit storage method (7.83×104). In the second experiment, composted and un-composted poultry litter obtained from Experiment-I were evaluated for their effects on soil fertility and wheat production in the field by employing split plot design with three replications. Composted PL resulted in significantly higher contents of soil organic matter and NPK at crop harvesting stage; further, these components were higher with the PL stored under covered or pit storage method. Wheat grain yield was also greater under composted PL treatments, while PL from pit and lined-floor storage gave statistically higher yield than from other methods. Open-air stockpiling performed the lowest in statistical terms. It is concluded that composting of poultry litter under plastic sheet cover provides the best storage conditions to conserve nutrient elements. Further, composting conditions favor the microbial activities to degrade the organic wastes faster, and their population is further enhanced under moisture-rich condition in the pits. Storage of poultry litter without providing the composting conditions in any of the storage methods delays its decomposition and stabilization. Similarly, the composted poultry litter has better fertilizer value than the un-composted one, as its application improves the soil characteristics and crop yields considerably.