فلسفہ تعزیرات
وہ جرائم جو ہر انسانی معاشرے میں نہیں ہوتے بلکہ کسی معاشرے میں ہوتے ہیں اور کسی میں نہیں ہوتے۔ ان جرائم کی روک تھام اور سزاؤں کے حوالے سے شریعت مطہرہ نے بنیادی اصول وضع کردیے ہیں۔ ان بنیادی اصولوں کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے اس دور ، اس علاقے کے ارباب حل وعقد اور اولی الامر جو مناسب سزا مقرر کرنا چاہیں ، مقررکرسکتے ہیں ۔ نیز ان جرائم پر دین ، جان ، عقل ، نسل اور مال کی حفاظت کابھی انحصار نہیں۔ تعزیر کی سزا کے تقرر کے اصول مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
1. سب سے پہلا اصول یہ ہے کہ اس سزا کا بنیادی مقصد امت مسلمہ اور عوام کے جان و مال کا تحفظ ہو ، محض کسی ایک گروہ یا کسی ایک فرد کے مفاد کی حفاظت نہ ہو۔
2. دوسر ا اصول یہ ہے کہ وہ مصالح جن کو شریعت نے تسلیم کیا ہے اور جو شریعت میں قابل قبول ہیں ، ان میں سے کسی مقصد کا تحفظ اس سزا سے پورا ہوتا ہو ۔
3. تیسرا اصول یہ ہے کہ اس سزا کے نتیجے میں اس برائی کے کم ہونے کا امکان ہو، زیادہ پھیلنے کا اندیشہ نہ ہو ۔ سزا دینااصل میں ایک آپریشن کرنا ہے۔ بعض بیماریاں آپریشن سے ختم ہوجاتی ہیں اور بعض آپر یشن سے پھیل بھی سکتی ہیں ۔ اب یہ ڈاکٹر کا فرض ہے کہ آپریشن کرنے سے پہلے وہ اطمینان کرے کہ یہ بیماری آپریشن کرنے سے پھیل تو نہیں جائے گی ۔ اسی طرح سزا دینے سے پہلے حاکم یاجج کو دیکھنا چاہیے کہ اس سزا کے نتیجے میں برائی ختم ہوجائے گی یا مزید بڑھے گی۔
4. چوتھا اصول یہ ہے کہ جرم اور سزا کے درمیان تناسب ہو ۔ یہ نہ ہو کہ...
Hazrat Abdul Rehman (may Allah be pleased with him) belonged to Arab tribe of Quraish and was a close relative of Mohammad (peace be upon him). At the time of conquest of Makkah He (may Allah be pleased with him) entered the circle of Islam. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the companions of Muhammad (may Allah be pleased with him) who came to sub-continent specially Balochistan in order to preach for Islam and Jihad during the Khilafat of orthodox caliphs. He (may Allah be pleased with him) came to Balochistan twice for Jihad and conquests first during the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him) and second time in the early era of Hazrat Muawia (may Allah be pleased with him). He (may Allah be pleased with him) played a vital role in the wars of Balochistan. He (may Allah be pleased with him) established Zehri his abode and capital after conquering Kalat, Khuazdar (Sajistan), Kachi, Gandhava, and Chaghi, and from here he expanded the series of his conquests till Kabul and Qandar. Besides this, he included many areas of sub-continent in the Islamic empire of conquered areas. His (may Allah be pleased with him) life is consists of great chapters of sincerity in deeds. Wisdom and valor, determination fearlessness, strife, hospitality, simplicity and patience. He (may Allah be pleased with him) is counted among the great generals of Islam had the honour to have carried the message of Holy faith in every corner of Balochistan in tough and unfavorable conditions and planted the flag of Islam in Balochistan forever.
Salinity is a serious concern for agriculture worldwide and it is increasing continuously. Drought-affected lands are severely affected by salinity, and crops production is drastically reduced. Soils of over 100 countries of America, Africa, Australia and Asia are facing serious salinity problem, mainly due to anthropogenic activities like irrigation. Now, salinity has also become a menance for agriculture in Pakistan because it is limiting the production of crops and affecting the country’s economy from nineteenth century. In Pakistan, approximately 6.67 million hactare area is facing the problem of salinity. In Pakistan, salinization is due to natural environmental conditions like ecological fluctuations, inefficient irrigation, high evapo-tanspiration, flooding, usage of low-quality water for irrigation and its poor drainage. This study was conducted to evaluate adaptive components of salt tolerance in Cyperus laevigatus L., which is a hydro-halophytic plant. Six populations of Cyperus laevigatus were collected from Sahianwala, Sargodha, Sangla Hill, Kalar Kahar, Pakka Anna and Domeli and their degree of salinity was assessed by examining their morpho-anatomical and physiological attributes. Cyperus laevigatus populations can be rated as Domeli ˂ Sargodha ˂ Kalar Kahar ˂ Sangla Hill ˂ Sahianwala ˂ Pakka Anna from least tolerant to the most tolerant, based on overall growth and biomass production under high salinities. The most tolerant population from the Pakka Anna relied on increased or maintained photosynthetic rate, high water use efficiency, restriction in Na+ uptake of in root and shoots, high uptake of shoot and root Ca2+ and K+, in addition to high accumulation of organic osmolytes, hence making this population more suitable for salt-affected areas. Structural adaptations like increased root area, thick root endodermal layer and large root metaxylem vessels, large stem area, broad metaxylem vessels, intensive sclerification in stem and leaf, increase in vascular bundle area and large cortical cells in stem, bract and leaves and decreased stomatal area and density all contributed significantly towards its high degree of salinity tolerance. Cyperus laevigatus can easily survive up to 600 mM salt, and differently adapted populations showed differential response towards salt stress tolerance and adopt different mechanisms based on morpho-physiology and anatomy. Therefore, this species can be effectively used to re-vegetate salt-affected areas, as well as for phytoremediation of salt affected lands.