ملازمت کے شرعی احکام: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

In our society a large number of people are associated with employment ranging from a gatekeeper, soldier, peon, clerk to prime minister, chief of army staff (COAS) Journals, chief justice, secretary, chief minister, doctors and professors all are employees infect. Most of social problems are linked to them, if all of them do their work correctly and honestly then most of our issues can be solved easily. Furthermore growth and prosperity of our economic system is dependent on the betterment of employment. Nations who ever works and shows interest in improving the employment system are the one who pave road for their economic prosperity. As an ordinary person himself needs a worker, therefore if Islamic practices are promoted in different disciplines of employment in human life then Islamic orders will revive and its effect will be seen in other departments as well. Therefore this study focuses and tends to guide Muslims working in employment sector in our society. This will help employed persons not only to up bring the Islamic teachings as well as can be helpful for human beings to guide them about Islam. It will act as a set of guidance for people working in government and non-government organizations, so that an employee could earn a true living under sharia orders and be helpful in promoting and development of a better society.

Technical Efficiency of Cotton Farmers in Southern Punjab of Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the major cotton producing country of the world while per acre yield is lower as compared to others cotton producing countries. According to prevailing conditions, different factors are involved in low per acre yield. Study based to estimate the technical efficiency of cotton farmers in the Southern Punjab of Pakistan namely the two districts Rahim Yar Khan and Muzaffargarh. Data was collected from 450 farmers (225 farmers to each district) for the crop year 2010-11. Technical efficiency was estimated through stochastic frontier production function procedure. The mean technical efficiency of district Rahim Yar Khan is 0.86 which ranges to 0.16 to 0.96 while the mean technical efficiency of district Muzaffargarh is 0.76 which ranges to 0.32 to 0.98. Results of study points out farmers of district Rahim Yar Khan could increase their production 0.14 through using the prevailing resources efficiently and farmers of district Muzaffargarh could increase their production 0.24 through using the prevailing resources efficiently. It points out that a wide gap is prevailing in the both districts which could be achieved through the efficiently using the prevailing resources. Production elasticity estimates indicate that planted area, seed, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, family labor and irrigation play the significant role in the cotton production in both districts. Pesticides positively effects in cotton production of district Rahim Yar Khan due to proper quality and quantity use according to recommended level while pesticides having the adverse effect on cotton production in district Muzaffargarh due to poor quality and over dose of spraying. Determinants of technical inefficiency age reduce the technical inefficiency in district Rahim Yar Khan while it increases the technical inefficiency in Muzaffargarh. The reason lying that aged farmers in Rahim Yar Khan are more efficient than young farmers are because they are experienced, familiar with new inventions in cultivations and willing to adopting such changes while the aged farmers in Muzaffargarh are conservative minded and limited to outdated traditional methods of cultivation. Education, family size, facility of credit, own tubewell, contact to agriculture extension and sowing seed timely reduces the technical inefficiency in both districts. Farm size and tenancy status owner cultivation increases inefficiency of farmers in Rahim Yar Khan while it decreases the inefficiency in Muzaffargarh. Large farm size causes the management problems to owners so it negatively effects the cotton production in Rahim Yar Khan while the farm size not much larger in Muzaffargarh and owners having no management problems. Canal water shortage increases the technical inefficiency in both districts. Cotton production could be increased through development of modern technology and efficient use of available resources.