عصر جاہلی کے چند مشہور عربی نثری فنون کا تعارفی مطالعہ

The formatted initiatives of history of Arabic literature are, as ancient as illiterate era. The age had plenty of almost all literary arts, although it were not in the managed shape like Islamic and mode eras. This age had both the literary arts i.e. poetry and prose. The first one was given full attention for hearing, singing and remembering, while the prose was about to be ignored in these aspects. Despite of done practice, some prosaic arts were orally noted and copied generation to generation. Later on, the arts were put down in their proper chapters with the development of the literature in omade and abase tenures. Some varieties of the prosaic arts are hereby introduced with explanation of its historical background, famous authorities, necessity and samples. This research contains on three sections with research study of three main arts; phrases, golden words and addresses. This research is made in descriptive manner in Urdu language. The purpose is, to make Urdu literates know the limitations of Arabic prosaic arts of illiterate era. Thus, it will be a new addition for Urdu literates and writers.

Oil Discovery in Uganda and its Impacts on Poverty and Inequality: A Computable General Equilibrium Model Analysis

Discovery of natural resources like oil in developing countries has mixed impacts on the economy. At best, it is positive, at worst negative and in the middle, insignificant or none at all. Such mix up in the impacts has been explained empirically in terms of technical challenges in fiscal, monetary and other decisions. Utilizing a Computable General Equilibrium model and the Uganda Social Accounting Matrix 2007, this study attempts to establish the possible impact of the country’s oil on households. Three simulations are performed on production, absorption and export of oil. Thereafter, the results are analyzed using Distributive Analysis Statistical Package (DASP) software to establish their effects on households’ poverty, inequality and welfare. Generally, the simulations show that the discovery reduces both poverty and inequality. Specifically, in comparison to the baseline simulation, oil production, absorption and exports reduces absolute poverty, poverty gaps and severity. Further, the simulation results show that production, absorption and export reduce the Gini coefficient, implying a reduction in inequality. Other measures of inequality, notably Thiel L, T and S produce similar results and conclusions across simulations like that of the first measure. In the context of welfare, we note that the Hoover Index, and other welfare measures such as HI, TL and TT show significant changes. These measures show an improvement in households’ welfare for production, absorption and exports. The equivalent variation of individual households shows a positive effect on welfare except the urban farm households. By and large, the findings confirm the spillover effects of oil on all sectors of the economy with the exception of manufacturing and services. Further, we observe a positive impact of all the simulations on GDP, calculated by expenditures approach, exports, imports and private consumption; whereas a negative effect is noted for GDP, calculated by income and output approach, investment, government surplus and balance of payment position. This study recommends the managers of the economy to pay special attention to inject a reasonable portion of oil rent in those sectors which positively contribute to the economy, diversify the non-oil exports and above all boost private consumption.