آہ! ڈاکٹر ظفر الہُدیٰ
ڈاکٹر ظفر الہدیٰ ایم، اے۔ پی، ایچ۔ ڈی، علامہ شبلیؒ کی بڑی پوتی کے شوہر تھے، ان کا آبائی وطن تو اعظم گڑھ ضلع ہی میں تھا، مگر ان کے گھر کے لوگ دربھنگہ (بہار) منتقل ہوگئے تھے، اس لئے پٹنہ یونیورسٹی میں اپنی انگریزی تعلیم کی تکمیل کی، وہاں سے فارسی اور اردو میں ایم، اے کرنے کے بعد ڈھاکہ یونیورسٹی میں لکچرار ہوگئے، وہیں سے پنشن پاکر ڈھاکہ میں مقیم تھے کہ ۷؍ مارچ ۱۹۷۸ء کو اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، ان کی وفات علامہ شبلیؒ کے خاندان کا ایک المناک سانحہ ہے، وہ اپنے شاگردوں اور یونیورسٹی کے رفقائے کار میں اپنے اخلاق، اخلاص، محبت اور میٹھی زبان کی وجہ سے بہت مقبول تھے، اسی لئے جب بنگلہ دیش میں خونیں انقلاب آیا تو وہاں کی سفاکانہ اور بیرحمانہ خونریزی میں ہر طرح محفوظ رہے، ان کے اور رفقائے کار تو کراچی منتقل ہوگئے، لیکن انھوں نے ڈھاکہ ہی میں رہنا پسند کیا، بنگالیوں نے غیر بنگالیوں کے ساتھ جو بے رحمانہ سلوک کیا تھا، اس کی وجہ سے بنگلہ دیش کے لوگوں کے خلاف ہندوستان کے مسلمانوں میں بڑا سخت ردعمل تھا، اس کو ڈاکٹر ظفر الہدیٰ اپنے خطوط میں یہ لکھ کر دور کرنے کی کوشش کرتے رہے کہ آخیر یہ لوگ بھی مسلمان ہیں، وہاں کے مسلمانوں کے لئے اسلام کا صالح لٹریچر پیش کرنے کی خاطر شبلی اکیڈمی بھی قائم کی، دارالمصنفین کی مطبوعات کو بنگلہ زبان میں ترجمہ کرانے کی علمی مہم شروع کی، ان کا کام کچھ چل نکلا تھا کہ وہ وہاں پہنچ گئے، جہاں ایک روز سب کو جانا ہے۔
ان کو دارالمصنفین اور اس کے وسیلہ سے میری حقیر ذات سے بڑی محبت رہی ہے، جب کبھی ڈھاکہ گیا تو وہ مجھ سے سگے بھائی کی طرح ملے اور خاطر تواضع میں...
The study aims at describing the effectiveness of the use of film media in learning to write short story of class VII students at SMPN 34 Makassar. The study is an experimental true design with posttest-only control design. The study was conducted at SMPN 34 Makassar. The populations of the study were 292 students of class VII. The samples were taken by employing simple random sampling and obtained class VII1 as the experiment class and class VII3 as the control class. Data collections were then analyzed using descriptive statistic analysis an inferential statistics analysis. The results of the study indicated that students’ ability at the experiment class that wrote short story by employing film media showed extremely sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 83, 3% or 25 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 16, 7% or 5 students. On the other hand, students’ ability at the control class that wrote short story by employing conventional media (pictures) showed sufficient result. Students who were able to abtain above the set KKM was 54, 8% or 17 students, and students who obtained below the set KKM was 45, 2% or 14 students. So, the results indicated that the use of film media is effective to be used in learning to write short story proved by the hypothesis test which used inferential statistic of independent sample test obtained the t score by 4,405 with the independent degree 59 at the level of significant p= 0,000 because α = 0, 05 > p = 0,000 so H0 hypothesis was rejected and H1 hypothesis was accepted. Suggestions based on the study are teachers should use variation, one of the examples is by using film media in learning to write short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. Students should be active to learn how to write and should have more practices in writing short story. The researches should use this research as a reference to conduct further study with different learning strategy to obtain alternative of learning strategies.
The subject matter of the present dissertation deals with isolation, characterization and evaluation of biological activities of selected species belonging to families Solanaceae, Guttiferae and Pinaceae. The enclosed research data of the thesis is divided into following parts. PART A: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Solonaceae PART B: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Guttiferae PART C: Phytochemical Studies of the Selected Species of Family Pinaceae PART D: Evaluation of Biological Activities PART A Part A describes the phytochemical investigation on Witahinia coagulans and Physalis divericata (Solanaceae). Six new (45-50) and ten known (51-60) withanolides have been isolated from W. coagulans of Pakistani origin, whereas withaphysanolide A (61), a novel withanolide together with five known physalins (62-66) and four withaphysalins (67-70) were isolated from the P. divericata. Various experimental techniques and extensive spectroscopic studies were used for the structural elucidation of the compounds. The isolated withanolides were evaluated for inhibition activity on lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) induced B-cell, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T-cell proliferation and against human colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 and human lung cancer NCI-H460 cells PART B Part B includes the isolation and characterization of constituents from Hypericum species (Guttiferae). Six new (105-110) and fourteen known xanthones (111-124) along with nine other compounds (125-133) have been isolated from H. oblongifolium, while six known compounds (134-139) were isolated from H. dyeri. These components were evaluated for respiratory burst inhibitory (anti-inflammatory), enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities. PART C Part C contains the the GC and GC-MS analysis of various extracts from conifers belonging to family Pinaceae. The amount and composition of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives as well as proanthocyanidins in the bark of seven Pakistani conifers were analyzed. The bioactive polyphenols and other known compounds were found interesting in order to find a potential value-added use of local tree species. Gravimetrically these extracts were analysed for lipophilic and hydrophilic extractactives. The predominant lipophilic extractives were common fatty and resin acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols. Different known lignans, stilbenes, ferulates, and flavonoids were generally predominant among the hydrophilic extractives. Pinus species e.g. P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana and Picea smithiana showed large amounts of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives compared to the other examined conifers. Pinus roxburghii was found different from the other pine species having smaller amounts of both types of extractives. A. pindrow and T. fuana were also found to have the smallest amount of hexane extracts. The proanthocyanidin content and composition revealed that especially Pinus wallichiana and Abies pindrow could be rich sources of such compounds. PART D Part D is concerned with evaluation of biological activities of crude extracts, fractions, semi-pure and pure constituents. Different solvents soluble fractions of the selected plants belonging to family Guttiferae (H. perforatum, H. oblongifolium, H. monogynum, H. choisianum and H. dyeri), Pinaceae (bark and knotwood of Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, P. geradiana, P. roxburghii and Cedrus deodara) and Taxus fauna from the north west of Pakistan were screened for their possible antioxidant activity. Anticancer (anti-proliferative) and enzyme inhibitory activities of Hypericum species as well as the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and urease inhibitory activities of pure compounds isolated from Hypericum, Physalis and Withania species were also studied. Four complementary test systems, namely phenolic compounds, free-radical scavenging capacity, measuring of reducing power and total antioxidant activities by Phosphomolybdenum method were used for analysis. We report here for the first time the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the various extracts and fractions of the listed plants for the first time except Hypericum perforatum which has been the subject of many investigations. The objectives of this study were to explore the biological and medicinal value of the extract/fractions of the above mentioned plants.