آہ! ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا
گزشتہ ماہ ریڈیو سے خبر ملی کہ اس برصغیر کے ایک بہت ہی لائق اور ممتاز اہل علم ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا کی وفات لاہور میں ہوگئی، اس خبر سے بڑا دکھ ہوا، ان سے میری ملاقات زیادہ نہیں رہی، اب سے ۳۵ سال پہلے ۱۹۴۱ء میں دہرہ دون میں تو ان سے برابر ملنے کا موقع ملا، اس کے بعد پھر کہیں ان سے نہیں ملا، مگر وہ اس وقت سے برابر دل و دماغ پر چھائے رہے ہیں ۱۹۴۱ء میں ایک طویل علالت کے بعد دہرہ دون جاکر تقریباً تین مہینے رہا، سرسید احمد خان ہم عصر اور دوست منشی ذکا اﷲ مرحوم کے نامور فرزند جناب عنایت اﷲ صاحب نے اپنی کوٹھی کے دو کمرے میرے قیام کے لئے دے دیئے تھے، اسی زمانہ میں لکھنؤ سے ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا دہرہ دون آکر اپنے خسر جناب رضاء اﷲ کے یہاں مقیم تھے، جو جناب عنایت اﷲ صاحب کے چھوٹے بھائی تھے، انجینئر کے عہدہ سے ریٹائر ہوکر دہرہ دون میں ایک بنگلہ بنایا تھا، دونوں بزرگوں کا وطن دہلی تھا، مگر عنایت اﷲ صاحب نے دہرہ دون ہی میں ڈالن والاکے سیمی روڈ پر منتقل سکونت اختیار کرلی تھی، ان ہی کے بنگلہ کی پشت پر رضا اﷲ صاحب کا بنگلہ تھا، ڈاکٹر وحید مرزا ان دنوں لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی میں استاذ تھے، وہ دہرہ دون آئے تو عنایت اﷲ صاحب کو سلام کرنے آئے، وہیں ان سے میرا تعارف ہوا، قد لمبا اور جسم دبلا پتلا تھا، دونوں گال پچکے ہوئے تھے، کیونکہ منہ کے تمام دانت نکلوا دیئے تھے، پتلون اور قمیض پہنے ہوئے تھے، بڑے متین اور سنجیدہ نظر آئے، خاموش بیٹھے رہے، عنایت اﷲ صاحب کی باتوں کا جواب بہت ہی مختصر طریقے پر دے کر خاموش ہوجاتے، جب وہ اٹھ کر چلے گئے تو عنایت اﷲ صاحب...
Motor development is a process of growing and development of motion ability of children's development conditions with the nerve and brain development of children so every simple movement is the results of complex interaction patterns of various and optimized particular systems. Motor development is connected with the growth process of motoric associated with knowledge, family income and attitudes of moms. The type of research used is observational research with the "cross sectional study" approach, to know the factors related to motor development of motorcycle of body in the integrated service post of Sawi Massamaturu village, popular district. Research results show that of the large 30 sample estimates, 14 children with normal motor development and 6 children that the motor development is disturbed. Conclusion in this research a significant relationship between knowledge, and attitude with the motoric development of family income not significant the development of children motoric
This thesis describes the purposeful fabrication of TiO2 photoanode based dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and their detailed characterization. The aim was to investigate the structural function relationship of the photoanode on the photovoltaic performance of the devices. The hierarchical anatase TiO2 microspheres (Tmic) and nanoparticles (Tnano), with an average particle size of 0.38 µm and 20 nm, were synthesized by low cost solution and hydrothermal methods, respectively. Highly screen printable pastes of the Tmic and Tnano have been developed to prepare bifunctional films, with increased light scattering and large surface area, for the solar cells. These advantageous properties of TiO2 microspheres were evidenced by the evaluation of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization. In the DSCs, these films lead to a 32% increase in conversion efficiencies when compared to those with the films of TiO2 nanoparticles only. The efficiency was further improved by TiCl4 post-treatment. In the second part of the study, the anatase TiO2 microspheres were annealed at elevated temperature of 500 oC and 900 oC for one hour in order to obtain highly crystalline and phase pure anatase and rutile TiO2 microspheres, respectively. These microspheres were used as the upper light scattering layer in a double layered structure with Tnano as the lower dye sensitization layer in anatase phase. Remarkable improvement of 48 % and 58 % in the power conversion efficiency was recorded for anatase and rutile microspherical TiO2 scattering layers respectively, in comparison to the devices having no scattering layer composition. In particular, the performance of rutile TiO2 microspheres as light scattering layer was quite high (6.3 %) due its high refractive index (2.79) than the anatase phase (2.54). Thirdly, to further improve the efficiency of the DSCs based on double layered photoanodes, the compact blocking layers were introduced beneath the absorber layer. The blocking layers of TiO2 and ZnO/TiO2 were deposited on FTO surface by electrostatic layer by layer deposition method at room temperature. These blocking layers physically blocked the access of redox electrolyte and retarded the electron back reaction at FTO/meso-TiO2/electrolyte interface.A considerable increase in electron life time (18 ms to 42 ms) was observed with these DSCs which resulted in larger short circuit current densities and higher overall power conversion efficiencies up to 9.0 %. In the fourth part of investigation, the results of differently modified pastes, using commercial TiO2 nanoparticles as the major component, have been presented. The focus iii was on the optimization of the concentration of binders and the rheological agents to develop high quality screen printed TiO2 films. The properties discussed include the porosity, cracks and aggregates, connectivity of the particles, their strong adherence to FTO surface, charge transport, and the dye uptake ability. Among the various pastes, the best paste was utilized for the screen printed photoanodes, to optimize the film thickness and the annealing temperature. The best photovoltaic performance was achieved with three layers of commercial TiO2 film of 15 µm thickness and annealed at 500oC. Finally, in the light of findings of the present research work and overall literature review, the worldly established overall certified power conversion efficiency (13%) achieved by DSCs at laboratory scale and submodule level so far in comparison to other competent solar cell technologies have been summarized.Further, the prospect of future development of DSCs to become industrially mature technology has been presented by analyzing the different challenges that needs to be carefully controlled.