مابعد جدید کےنظریہ کا اصل مقولہ
احمد سہیل
میرے تقریبا آدھی صدی کے ادبی سفر میں میرا زیادہ تر وقت ادبی نطرئیے کی تنقید اور اس کی تفھیم اور تشریح میں گذرے۔ اس حوالے سے میں نے چار کتابیں ' جدید تھیٹر' ، ساختیات'، تنقیدی تحریرین اور ' تنقیدی مخاطبہ' کے نام سے چار کتابیں لکھی اور سیکرو مضامین ادب کے تنقیدی نظرئیے پر لکھے جو اردو اور انگریزی کے ادبی اور علمی جرائد میں شائع ہوئے۔ میں نے یہ محسوس کیا کی اردو کا ادبی اور تنقیدی محاول ادبی تنقیدی نظرئیے میں زیادہ سنجیدہ نہیں ہے یا شاید اس کو یہ سمھ نہیں آتا۔
یہ خاکسار آج مابعد جدید نظرئیے پر اساسی اور چند اہم نکات پر مختصرا بات کرے گا۔ اور یہ بھی چاہوں گا کی شفاف اور آسان زبان میں " مابعد جدیدت" کا مفہوم واضح ہو جائے۔
*** مابعد جدیدت کیا ہے؟ ***
مابعد جدیدیت ایک ادبی صنف اور اسلوب کے لیے ایک اصطلاح ہے جو 20ویں صدی کے دوسرے نصف میں ابھری۔ مابعد جدیدیت کی تعریف میں، ادب نئی خوبیوں اور خصوصیات کو اپناتا ہے جو اس سے پہلے کی دہائیوں میں نہیں تھیں۔ مابعد جدیدیت پسند مصنفین نے اپنی زندگی کے دوران دنیا میں رونما ہونے والے اہم واقعات کے گرد اپنے شدید احساسات کو تلاش کرنے کے لیے قائم کردہ ادبی کنونشنوں کو کمزور کرنے کی کوشش کی۔
ایک عام اور وسیع تر اصطلاح جس کا اطلاق ادب، فن، فلسفہ، فن تعمیر، افسانہ، اور ثقافتی اور ادبی تنقید پر ہوتا ہے۔ مابعد جدیدیت بڑی حد تک سائنسی، یا مقصدی، حقیقت کی وضاحت کی کوششوں کے مفروضہ یقین کا ردعمل ہے۔ جوہر میں، یہ ایک...
WRKY transcription factors belong to one of the biggest superfamilies of proteins in higher plants. WRKY proteins participate in plant growth for instance, gamete formation, seed germination and are also responsive to different types of environmental cues including abiotic and biotic stresses. The DNA-binding site of WRKY factors is well established which interact with W‐box (TGACC(A/T)) located in the promoter of their target genes and promote the activation or repression of the expression of those genes to control their response against stresses but it remains difficult to establish thefunctions of every family members to control particular transcriptional programs during development or in response to environmental signals. This review summarizes the recent progress madein unraveling the various WRKY protein-controlled functions under different environmental stresses.
Integrated plant nutrient management emphasizes the combined use of inorganic and organic/biological sources of plant nutrients to enhance efficiency of applied nutrients, reduce environmental hazards and improve crop productivity. A field experiment pertaining to wheat based cropping system in rainfed environment was conducted at the Research Farm of Soil Science & SWC of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It was laid out according to randomized complete block design in Split-Plot arrangement with three replications. The experiment was initiated in winter 2004-05 on wheat followed by maize in summer 2005, and was repeated during the year 2005-06 in the same field with same layout of treatments. Main plot treatments of cropping systems (CS) included: wheat–fallow (CS 1 ) and wheat–maize (CS 2 ), while treatments of integrated plant nutrient management allocated to subplots were: control (without NPK fertilizer, FYM or biofertilizer); half dose of recommended N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O (60-45-30 kg ha -1 ) ; full dose of N-P 2 O 5 -K 2 O (120-90-60 kg ha -1 ); FYM @ 20 t ha -1 , FYM on N requirement basis + make-up dose of P and K fertilizer; 1⁄2 NPK + 1⁄2 FYM (@ 10 t ha -1 ) ; 1⁄2 NPK + Biopower; 1⁄2 FYM + Biopower and 1⁄2 NPK + 1⁄2 FYM + Biopower. Soil analysis for physical and chemical characteristics and plant nutrients (N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu) at sowing and harvest stage of each crop was performed. Observations on plant growth and yield parameters were recorded at crop maturity. Nutrient concentration in the grain and straw/stalk of the wheat and maize were determined to compute nutrient uptake after the harvest of each crop. Comparison of various treatment means of integrated nutrient management practices for wheat- fallow (CS 1 ) and wheat-maize (CS 2 ) cropping systems indicated that there was2 was significant increase in yield and various yield attributes of both wheat and maize in respective growing seasons. During Rabi seasons of 2004-05 and 2005- 06, application of 1⁄2 NPK + 1⁄2 FYM + Biopower (T 9 ) produced highest grain yield of 3684 kg ha -1 and 3781 kg ha -1 for wheat respectively. During Kharif seasons of 2005 and 2006, application of 1⁄2 NPK + 1⁄2 FYM + Biopower (T 9 ) produced highest grain yield of 3128 kg ha -1 and 3119 kg ha -1 for maize respectively. The analysis of leaf and grain samples showed significant increase in N, P and K concentration due to integrated nutrient management practices for both wheat and maize during both growing seasons over control. The results revealed that as N, P and K concentration in soil was higher; these were taken up and assimilated in proportion to their concentration. Maximum N uptake of 357 kg ha -1 , P uptake of 51 kg ha -1 and K uptake of 215 kg ha -1 was recorded due to application of 1⁄2 NPK + 1⁄2 FYM + Biopower (T 9 ) for wheat during both growing seasons. Micronutrients concentration recorded significant increase in soil, plant and grain of both wheat and maize. Economic analysis of wheat-maize and wheat-fallow cropping systems revealed that wheat-maize cropping system was more profitable with integrated use of mineral and organic and/or biofertilizer under rainfed conditions. The VCR estimated for IPNM in T 9 showed that integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources had better net profit for wheat yield for the farmer under rainfed condition. Thus, IPNM may prove more viable and sustainable for wheat based cropping system in rainfed Pothowar environment of Punjab province, Pakistan.