Compatibility of Education and Training in the Light of the Seerah of the Holy Prophet

Humankind has been granted a special status due to its being vicegerent of Allah on earth for he has been entrusted with the responsibility to keep order in the world according to the directives of its Creator. Humans are guided by Prophets in history. Some of these Prophets have got greater value, sphere and depth of influence on humanity due to different factors. Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) is the last Prophet of Allah, for the eternity and whole humanity. After him, Islam is completed for all times to come. Islam is a complete code of life; education and training constituting its crux. Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) was greatly concerned and cognizant of education and training of his followers which is evident from multifarious events of his life.  Major emphasis was laid on training coupled with education and both are, thus, inevitably interlocked with each other. It is clear that education was considered an assimilation of knowledge and training was taken as its reflection in daily life. The verses of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) bear a perfect testimony to this aspect of foremost significance. The earlier people in the fold of Islam were much concerned about training and nurturing, hence they avoided mere memorization of facts. The present paper is an attempt to discover the compatibility between education and training in the light of the paradigm of secret of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) of Islam.

Securing Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks Manets Form Insider Attackers Through Trust Management

Routing, having focal responsibility in MANET’s successful operation, are based on the assumption of nodes’ cooperation. However, this assumption exposes routing to various insider attackers. These attackers are the legal participants having privileged access to network when inducing attacks on routing. Furthermore, these insider attackers are either in the form of selfish nodes or malicious nodes. The motive of selfish node is saving its resources by not cooperating in routing activities whereas the purpose of malcious node is to attack the network. Therefore, providing security in routing against affirmed attackers has emerged a challenging issue in MANETs. In research community, trust management schemes are used to defend routing against insider attackers. The very focus of this research is to develop a trust management scheme for securing routing from insider attackers to launch blackhole and greyhole attacks. We proposed a trust management scheme, named as MT-SECURER (“Multi Factors Trust for Secure and Reliable Routing in MANETs”), for making routing secure against insider attackers (i.e., blackhole and greyhole attackers). This scheme develops trust from multiple factors, i.e., “node’s cooperation” from communication networks and “node’s relationship maturity” and “mutual friends” from social networks. Whereas for trust development, nodes’ personal observations along with neighbours’ recommendations are utilized. Neighbors’ recommendations, having a pivotal role in computation of trust, if hampered may entail in colossal attacks from dishonest trust recommenders such as “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion”. Therefore, mitigation of dishonest trust recommendations has emerged as a stimulating research issue in trust management systems. In order to cater these challenges associated with dishonest trust recommendations, a technique named “intelligently Selection of Trust Recommendations based on Dissimilarity factor (iSTRD)” has been devised. iSTRD exploits observer node’s personal experience in conjunction with majority vote of the recommenders for removing dishonest trust recommendations. For performance analysis, MT-SECURER is used with AODV and DSR routing protocols and detail simulations are performed in order to examine the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in presence of blackhole and greyhole attackers and nodes’ mobility. The experimental results show significant improvement in “detection rate”, “packet delivery ratio”, throughput and “normalized routing load” with slightly increased “average end-to-end delay” when compared to contemporary schemes. Furthermore, iSTRD successfully removes the trust recommendations of “low trustworthyrecommenders” aswellasdishonesttrustrecommendationsof“highlytrustworthy recommenders”. Its efficacy is evident from enhanced accuracy of “recognition rate”, “false rejection” and “false acceptance”. Moreover, experiential results depict that iSTRD has unprecedented performance compared to contemporary techniques in presence of “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion” attacks.