ڈاکٹر ابواللیث صدیقی مرحوم
گزشتہ ستمبر میں اردو کے نامور استاد محقق و نقاد اور ماہر لسانیات جناب ڈاکٹر ابواللیث صدیقی کا کراچی میں ۸۰ سال کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا، اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔
وہ بدایوں میں پیدا ہوئے، علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی میں اعلیٰ تعلیم حاصل کی، رشید احمد صدیقی اور مولانا احسن مارہروی وغیرہ سے اکتساب فیض کیا اور رشید صاحب کی زیر نگرانی لکھنؤ کے دبستان شاعری پر تحقیقی مقالہ لکھ کر ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو سے یہ اعزاز حاصل کرنے والے وہ پہلے شخص تھے، بعد میں یہ مقالہ کتابی شکل میں متعدد بار شائع ہوا اور یہی ان کی شہرت کا اصل سبب بھی بنا، مضمون نگاری کا شوق زمانہ تعلیم سے تھا چنانچہ اسی زمانہ میں ان کے مضامین معارف کے علاوہ دوسرے رسالوں میں بھی شائع ہوئے، درس و تدریس کا سلسلہ بھی مسلم یونیورسٹی سے شروع ہوا، جہاں وہ شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر مقرر ہوئے بعد میں پاکستان بننے کے بعد وہ کچھ عرصہ لاہور کے اورینٹل کالج میں اور پھر کراچی یونیورسٹی میں شعبہ اردو کے استاد ہوئے، ترقی اردو بورڈ کراچی کے معتمد ہوئے اور ریٹائر ہونے کے بعد کراچی یونیورسٹی میں پروفیسر ایمریٹس ہوئے، مضامین کثرت سے لکھے اور متعدد کتابیں بھی لکھیں۔ معلوم ہوا کہ انہوں نے خود نوشت سوانح بھی لکھے تھے جو رسالہ تہذیب میں قسط وار چھپتے رہے ہیں لیکن غالباً ابھی کتابی شکل میں طبع نہیں ہوئے، ’’سرسید احمد خاں کی اسباب بغاوت ہند‘‘ کو بھی حواشی و تعلیقات کے ساتھ کراچی سے شائع کیا، ان کے حسب ذیل مضامین معارف میں بھی شائع ہوئے۔ میر کا فارسی کلام، میرحسن کی ایک نادر مثنوی رموز العارفین، محسن کاکوروی اور ان کی خصوصیات اور مناقب ذوالنورین المعروف بہ بہارستان سخن وغیرہ، متانت اور سلاست کے...
Reproduction is an important aspect of a women's life, unfortunately in Pakistan fertility rates are quite high in comparison to other developing countries as well as in comparison to the other South Asian countries. Different studies have suggested that women empowerment can help reduce fertility rates. The present study has attempted to analyze the role of women empowerment along with other socioeconomic indicators on three different dimensions of the fertility behavior i.e. Number of children born (current fertility status), ideal number of children and birth intervals (future fertility status. Data of Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012-13 has been used. The analysis consists of two levels, at level one a descriptive analysis is carried out. As three different aspects of fertility are the count data. Therefore at the next stage models will be estimated by using poison regression technique and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) are reported. It has been found that women’s being empowered in financial matters, seeking health care and in household decision making are helpful in reducing fertility. Furthermore, participation in job by women, living in urban areas, having secondary or higher education, access to awareness created by the media, married at higher age are also significant factors in reducing fertility. However, women facing incidence of miscarriage or death of a child tends to increase the fertility. Study had found that wealth of the household, education of husband and having sons have very limited role on the fertility behavior.
The present study deals with synthesis of different iron oxide (magnetite, maghemite and hematite) based nanostructures using sol-gel method. The main emphasis is to experimentally synthesize iron oxide based nanostructures and to correlate these results with theory. Molarity, pH, temperature and surfactant of the sol are important parameters to control morphology. Hence, in this research work all of the 4 parameters were optimized to study their effect on structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties. In the first step seven different sols with varying concentrations from 1.8 to 0.6 mM are synthesized. The concentration of 1.4 mM results in a pure magnetite phase whereas others show mixed magnetite and maghemite phases. Free growth of iron oxide nanostructures, including nanoneedles, nanorods, nanospheres and nanobrushes, are observed in scanning electron microscope images. In the second step 1.4mM sol concentration is used and nine sols are synthesized with pH 1 to 9. Samples exhibit magnetite phase with superparamagnetic nature at low pH (1, 2 & 6) with 50nm diameter nanoparticles. For pH 3-5 hematite phase is observed while with further increase in pH (7&8) maghemite phase is achieved. Annealing for pH 1-8 only strengthened the existing phases rather than transformation. Maghemite and hametite phases are observed at pH 9 with annealing at 200 oC and 300 oC respectively. In the third step effect of surfactants was studied in detail. PVA, triton X-100 and oleic acid are used as surfactants. Sols thus prepared are analyzed magnetically before and after room temperature aging. Superparamagnetic behaviour is observed for iron oxide sol synthesized using oleic acid as surfactant, and therefore was selected for further studies. The amount of oleic acid is varied as 5%, 10% and 15% by volume. Shape and morphology of iron oxide nanoparticles strongly depend on calcination temperature, which is varied from 300˚C to 900˚C. Iron oxide sol with 15% by volume show superparamagnetic behavior while sols prepared with 5% and 10% oleic acid show dia-ferromagnetic and para-ferromagnetic mixed behavior. Two types of NPs are observed in SEM images; one with shell and one without shell with 10% oleic acid. Cubic NPs with size less than 25nm and highest dielectric constant of ~107.5 (log f = 5.0) is observed with 15% oleic acid at 500˚C. ZnO is selected for iron oxide based nanostructures. Once again sol-gel method has been employed for synthesis of iron oxide added ZnO nanoparticles. The dopant concentration is varied as 1wt% to 5wt%. Ferromagnetic behavior of Fe added ZnO nanoparticles arise due to the presence of long range oscillating interactions among the free charge carriers. The band gap of these iron oxide based nanostructures is in the range of 3.05eV to 3.48eV. Mn/Fe co-doped ZnO structures are also prepared by simple sol-gel and spin coating method. Five different sols with the change in concentration (1-5wt%) of both Mn and Fe are synthesized. Molar ratio of Mn and Fe is kept constant, i.e., 1:1. Sols are spun onto glass and copper substrates by spin coating method followed by the post magnetic field annealing at 300 ˚C for 1 h. XRD results show incorporation of Mn and Fe in the host lattice up to a dopant concentration of 4wt%. Small crystallites of Mn and Fe2O3 are observed by increasing the dopant concentration to 5wt%. VSM results indicate room temperature ferromagnetism in all samples. Moreover, Mn/Fe co-doped thin films show magnetic hysteresis equivalent to that of multilayered structure, indicating that such complex structures can be replaced by a single ZnO layer with co-doping of Mn and Fe. Density functional theory is used for the theoretical investigation of iron oxide based nanostructures. Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF) software with BAND tool is used. Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) and Local Density Approximation (LDA) are used in order to correlate structural, optical and magnetic properties of iron oxide based nanostructures. With basis set of TZ2P geometry optimization is achieved. Underestimation of electronic properties of all phases is observed by GGA and LDA. While, improved value of band gap is obtained by GGA+U and LDA+U. Exchange correlational potential is also optimized in case of GGA+U calculations. Hubbard potential (U eV) is optimized and lowest value of U i.e. 0.6 eV is used for all calculations for wüstite, hematite, maghemite and magnetite. Total DOS and partial density of states for iron and oxygen are also studied for both approximations. Analysis of the density of states confirms the strong hybridization between Fe 3d and O 2p states in iron oxide. In all cases (magnetite, maghemite and hematite) density of states plots confirm that the main reason for the magnetic properties in iron oxide based nanostructures is the d orbital electrons. As a result, a good correlation of theory with experiment is being reported in this thesis.