مشاكل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا

The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria

Comparativegrowthperformanceand Morphologicalvariationsanalysisbetween Two Populationsof Cirrhinus Mrigala from Chenab and Indus Rivers

In Pakistan there exist huge potential for development of aquaculture particularly inland fisheries sector but due to couple of reasons this field could not flourished in Pakistan. Cirrhinus mrigala is extensively cultured major carp among other major carps but there is no documentation concerning the analyses of Cirrhinus mrigala from Chenab River and Indus River for stock identification and conservation purposes. Length-weight and length-length relationships, condition factor, stock structure and morphological heterogeneity of Cirrhinus mrigala from Chenab River and Indus River were studied using traditional morphometric techniques; landmark (Truss) based geometric morphometric analysis and meristic analysis. A total of 248 samples were collected, 124 samples from each river. The higher value of regression coefficient ?b? from Indus river (b = 3.130) than regression coefficient ?b? value form Chenab River (b = 2.9875) indicated that Cirrhinus mrigala in Indus River shows comparatively better growth as compared to Chenab River. Length-weight relationships of Cirrhinus mrigala are suggestive that the wild conditions in Indus River at Taunsa Barrage are much suitable for rearing and stocking purposes instead in Chenab River at Head Muhammad Wala. Fulton?s condition factor (K) for Cirrhinus mrigala in Chenab River has shown a decreasing (negative) trend, while for the Indus River it showed an increasing (positive) trend. The higher evaluated level of Fulton?s condition factor for the population of Cirrhinus mrigala in the Indus River than the Chenab River population symbolizes the superior ecological conditions, foraging conditions, health and hygienic conditions in the Indus River at Taunsa Barrage. Discriminant function analysis on 21 landmark based geometric variables and 11 traditional morphometric variables disclosed that phenotypical variations are predominantly exist as Intra-population variations rather than inter-population variations. Final classification results in Discriminant function analysis, accounts that 67.7% of original grouped cases were correctly classified and 56.5% of cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. The equal discriminatory power of the discriminant function I (DFI) centred on discriminant function analysis for the both populations of Cirrhinus mrigala at Chenab River and the Indus River and non-significant (H) value of Kruskal-Wallis test patently represents the absence of statistically significant meristic variations between the two populations. Discriminant functional analysis and meristic analysis are of suggestive that there exists much merger and gene flow between two populations owing to weak geographical isolation between two rivers.