سیالکوٹ کی تہذیب قدامت کے لحاظ سے پانچ ہزار سال سے بھی پہلے کے آثار ظاہر کرتی ہے۔راجہ شل نے اس تہذیب کو پروان چڑھانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔اس شہر کی تہذیبی روایات اور علمی آثار " مہابھارت" میں بدرجہ اُتم موجود ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی مٹی بڑی زرخیز اور مردم خیز ہے۔سرزمین سیالکوٹ نے علم وادب وفنون لطیفہ کے میدانوں میں گراں قدر خدمات سرانجام دی ہیں۔سیالکوٹ کی علمی وادبی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔ہر دور میں خواہ وہ ہندو راج ہو ، مغلیہ راج ہویا انگریز راج سیالکوٹ نے ہردور میں علمی وادبی مرکز کے حوالے سے اپنی شناخت قائم رکھی ہے۔یہاں سے بہت سی نامور روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات نے جنم لیا ہےاور بعض نے یہاں کی روحانی اور علمی وادبی شخصیات سے فیض حاصل کیا ہے۔٧٠٠ قبل مسیح سے٦٠٠ قبل مسیح تک یہ اتنا عظیم تعلیمی مرکز تھا۔کہ بنارس کے شہزادے حصول علم کے لیے یہاں آتے تھے۔
اکیسویں صدی عیسویں میں بھی شہرِ اقبال اپنی تہذیبی و ادبی روایات کی بازیافت کے لیے خاصا سرگرم عمل ہے۔ملا عبدالحکیم سیالکوٹی ،مولانا فیروزالدین،اقبال ،فیض ،مولانا ظفر علی خاں، ہاشم شاہ،حضرت رائج سیالکوٹی، دلشاد ،منشی میراں بخش جلوہ،محمد الدین فوق ،اثر صہبائی ،سلیم واحد سلیم ،بدری ناتھ سدرشن،جوگندر پال ،غلام الثقلین نقوی ،رجندر سنگھ بیدی،عبدالحمید عرفانی،سرمد صہبائی،خالد نظیر صوفی، ڈاکٹر جاوید اقبال،ساغر جعفری،مولوی ابراہیم میر،آسی ضیائی رامپوری،طفیل ہوشیارپوری،اے ڈی اظہر،حفیظ صدیقی،صابر ظفر،اصغر سودائی اور جابر علی سید دنیائے شعروادب کے اہم ستارے ہیں۔جن کا تعلق سیالکوٹ کی دھرتی کے ساتھ تادمِ حیات رہا ۔موجودہ دور میں بھی خطہ سیالکوٹ علمی وادبی میدان میں مضافاتی دائرے سے نکل کر قومی وبین الاقوامی ادبی دھارےمیں شامل ہونے کے لیے پرتول رہا ہے۔پنجاب لٹریری فورم سیالکوٹ اسی سلسلے میں اہم کردار ادا کررہا ہے۔اس ادبی تحریک کا ثمر اس خطے کی ادبی سرگرمیوں کی نشاة ثانیہ کی...
Dengue fever is a vector borne disease and is caused by DEN Virus. This virus has four different serotypes. The vectors are two mosquitoes known as Aedesaegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) and Aedesalbopictus(the Asian tiger mosquito). First case of dengue fever was reported back in 1994 in Karachi. A complete outbreak of this epidemic shook the whole nation in 2012. Uptill now, Lahore a city full of culture, witnessed about 16,580 confirmed cases and 257 deaths. About 5000 confirmed cases with 60 deaths were reported from the rest of the provinces. Under guidelines of WHO, Government has made efforts to combat this epidemic. Although the overall efforts have minimized the outbreak on controllable levels but dengue fever is a continuous threat. Since no permanent cure is available, the transmission of DEN virus is controlled indirectly. So the prime focus is to control mosquito population and decrease the possible hot spots i.e. Mosquito breeding sites in human habitations. Every year, the country witnesses monsoon season which brings vast areas full of clear standing waters providing breeding sites for mosquitoes which ultimately leads to increased number of patients suffering from dengue fever. Efforts have been made to fight against dengue including formation of dengue wards in hospitals, vector surveillance, community education, reactive vector control etc. A study has shown prevalence of four mosquito genera in Pakistan including Aedes, Culex, Armigeresand Anopheles. All of the above mentioned genera are associated with disease transmissions as they are the vectors of different viruses and parasites. It is the need of hour to do a collaborative effort stressing the community mobilization and management in war against dengue.
The present research work is the numerical study of some problems in micropolar fluids flow. The micropolar fluids are viscous fluids having five additional coefficients of viscosity as compared to usual Newtonian fluids. In the micropolar fluid theory, in addition to the usual classical field of velocity, there are two supplementary field variables, the micro-rotation ν (or spin) and the gyration parameter j which have been introduced to elucidate the kinematics of micro-motions. A micropolar fluid contains rotating micro-constituents that cause the fluid to exhibit non-Newtonian behavior. Micropolar fluid model has been found useful in the study of flows of exotic lubricants, colloidal suspensions, polymeric fluids, liquid crystals, additive suspensions, body fluids, turbulent shear flows and flows in capillaries and micro channels. The study investigates the numerical solution of a few problems for steady, laminar and incompressible flow of both the micropolar fluids and Newtonian fluids. The body couples are neglected in case of micropolar fluids flow. The similarity transformations have been used to reduce the governing partial differential equations of motion in to ordinary differential equations. The resulting boundary value problems have been solved by using appropriate numerical techniques. The central differences are applied to these differential equations. The difference equations thus obtained are solved by using Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) method and Simpson’s (1/3) rule. The numerical results have been shown both in tabular as well as in graphical forms. To obtain accuracy of the present numerical results, the computation has been carried out on three different grid sizes. The purpose of this study is to present the numerical solution of different types of flow problems in micropolar fluids as well as in computational fluid dynamics by using appropriate numerical techniques which are straightforward, easy to program and economical. It has been concluded that our numerical scheme works well to solve various flow problems of Newtonian and micropolar fluids. Moreover, the present results of both Newtonian and micropolar fluids are calculated up to six decimal place. The corresponding results of Newtonian fluids for each problem considered have been obtained and presented for comparison purposes.