سید احمد حسین امجدؔ حیدرآبادی
افسوس ہے کہ حکیم الشعراء سید احمد حسین امجد حیدرآبادی نے بھی اس جہاں فانی کو الوداع کہا، ان کی وفات محض دنیائے شاعری کا نہیں بلکہ دنیائے دل کا حادثہ ہے، وہ تنہا شاعر ہی نہیں اس سے زیادہ حکیم و عارف اور صاحب دل صوفی تھے، اردو کے نامور شاعروں سے آج بھی ہندوستان خالی نہیں، مگر امجد اپنے رنگ میں یگانہ تھے، ان کے کلام میں طور کی تجلی اور وادی یمن کے شراروں کا عکس ہے، خصوصاً رباعی گوئی میں اس زمانہ میں ان کا جواب نہ تھا، ان کی رباعیات حکمت و بصیرت کا دفتر ہیں، وہ صحیح معنوں میں اس دور کے سرمد اور ابوسعید ابو الخیر تھے، ان کی ذات بظاہر عارفانہ شاعری کا خاتمہ نظر آتا ہے۔
انھوں نے فطرۃً بھی حکیمانہ نظر اور درد آشنا دل پایا تھا، اور ان کو حوادث بھی ایسے پیش آئے جنھوں نے ان کو سراپا سوز اور حقیقت نگر بنادیا، وہ نثر بھی سادہ سلیس، بے تکلف، اور مؤثر و دلنشین لکھتے تھے، چھوٹے چھوٹے سادہ بلیغ فقروں میں بڑی حکیمانہ اور سبق آموز باتیں کہہ جاتے تھے، ان کی نظم و نثر کی تصانیف کی تعداد ایک درجن سے زیادہ ہوگی، دارالمصنفین سے ان کے دیرینہ تعلقات تھے، حضرت سید صاحب رحمۃ اﷲ علیہ ان کے اور ان کے کلام کے بڑے قدر دان تھے، حکیم الشعراء کا لقب ان کو انہی نے دیا تھا، ایک مرتبہ امجد مرحوم دارالمصنفین بھی آئے تھے، ان کی سادہ مگر پر تاثیر شخصیت اب تک نگاہ میں ہے ایک زمانہ میں ان کا کلام معارف میں بکثرت چھپتا تھا، مگر ادھر عرصہ سے ان چیزوں سے اس قدر مستغنی اور بے نیاز ہوگئے تھے کہ اپنا کلام رسالوں میں بھیجنا چھوڑ دیا تھا، افسوس ہے کہ شاخِ طوبیٰ کا...
Afghanistan is in state of war for almost 40 long years but the political dynamics got changed after 9/11. Since the war on terror started facets of peace talks launched without meaningful end. The reconciliation process in Afghanistan had immediately started after establishment of Afghan interim government in 2001. Till 2016 mid, four different reconciliation /reintegration processes were launched by the USA and Hamid Karzai government with Afghan Taliban. The new elected president Ashraf Ghani ended all such processes in 2016 but showed willingness again in 2018 for direct peace talks between USA and Taliban clerics. In the current political scenario, Afghan reconciliation process is back on track with direct peace talks between USA, Taliban and Afghan Government along other international actors. However, Taliban were not ready to sit with the Afghan Government and this is where the Pakistan played as key to Afghan peace process. The focus of this research article is to find the challenges and opportunities of this peace process; Pakistan’s role as cardinal player can consolidate the peace process in Afghanistan. Furthermore, this research will give future recommendations for the peace process in Afghanistan.
In this study, an attempt is made to quantify the extent and evolution of inequality and poverty in Pakistan. This study also deals with the relationship between economic growth, inequality and poverty. Poverty is strongly related to the absence of basic human and physical assets, especially education, health, land, sanitary conditions etc. The term inequality is used quite generally as income/consumption difference among the individuals or households with in a society. Existing work on trends in inequality and poverty in Pakistan is based on different methods of measurement. This dissertation estimates a consistent series of inequality and poverty to evaluate long term trends in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban sectors. The present study covers the period from 1990-91 to 2010-11 using micro data from Household Integrated Economic Surveys (HIESs), conducted by Federal Bureau of Statistics Government of Pakistan. Trend analysis of inequality and poverty has been done by employing axiomatic approaches. Moreover, the population has been decomposed into absolute poor (extremely poor and ultra poor), transitorily poor (transient poor and transient vulnerable) and non-poor (quasi non-poor and non-poor). In the axiomatic framework, six poverty indices (Head-count Index, Poverty Gap Index, Severity of Poverty Index, Sen Index, SST Index and Watts Index) have been estimated and incorporated on both income and consumption basis. The results reflected that almost all measures of poverty increased from the year 1990-91 to 2001-02 and then decreased after 2001-02 in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban areas. Basic needs like food, health, clothes, etc., are necessary for every person. Therefore poverty on consumption basis is significantly lower than income basis. By developing an axiomatic framework, six positive and normative inequality measures viii (Gini coefficient, Theil Index, Mean Log Deviation, Atkinson Index, Coefficient of Variation and Deciles Dispersion Ratio) have been estimated. The results revealed that inequality on the basis of income and consumption is not stable showing wide variation during the years 1990-91 to 2010-11. Almost all measures of inequality decreased from the year 1990-91 to 1996-97 and then increased continuously till 2010-11 in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban areas. Moreover, income inequality is significantly higher than consumption inequality. Throughout the period from 1990-91 to 2010-11 almost the poorest 20 percent and the middle 60 percent lost their income/consumption share, whereas the richest 20 percent gained their income/consumption share significantly in urban and rural regions along with overall Pakistan. The regression model encompasses the impact of growth on poverty and impact of growth on inequality. The experience of Pakistan‟s economy shows that growth has not translated into poverty reduction and the income/consumption inequality has declined with growth. The analysis of growth and poverty has shown that the growth elasticity of poverty is positive for all samples i.e., overall, rural and urban areas on income as well as consumption basis while growth elasticity of inequality is negative for the entire sample on both income and consumption basis and there is negative relation between inequality and poverty. The final regression model depicts the interrelationship between growth, poverty and inequality.