2۔ وکلاءکا کردار
وکالت کو بطور پیشہ اختیار کرنا ذیا دہ پسندیدہ کام تصور نہیں کیا جاتا، لیکن یہ بھی حقیقت ہے کہ موجودہ دور میں عوام الناس اپنے معاملات کو قانون سے عدم واقفیت کی وجہ سے عدالت میں خود پیش نہیں کر سکتے ،
کیو نکہ موجودہ دور میں دعوٰی دائر کرنے کے لیے ایک خاص طریقہ مروج ہے اور عامۃ الناس اس طریقے سے ناواقف ہیں ۔ علاوہ ازیں عدالت میں پیشے کےلیے وکیل کا کسی مسلمہ یونیورسٹی سے قانون کی ڈگری کا حامل ہونا بھی ضروری ہے۔ وکالت کو بطور پیشہ معاشرے نے قبول کرلیا ہے۔ اب اس کو ختم کرنا ممکن بھی نہیں۔ وکلا ء کو کیس لینے سے پہلے اندازہ ہو جاتاہے کہ وہ جس کا کیس لڑنے جارہے ہیں وہ حق پر ہے یا نہیں ۔ وکلاء کو محض پیسے کے لالچ میں جرائم پیشہ اور قاتلوں کے کیس نہیں لینے چا ہییں تاکہ معاشرے سے جرائم پیشہ افراد کی بیخ کنی خود بخود ہو جائے اور مجرموں کے ذہن میں آ جائے کہ ان کا کیس بھی کسی نے نہیں لڑنا۔ لہٰذا ضروری ہے کہ اس پیشہ کی اصلاح پر خاص توجہ دی جائے ۔ قانون کا پیشہ اختیار کرنے کا ارادہ رکھنے والے طلبہ کےلیے مخصوص مضامین میں نمایاں کامیابی ضروری قرار دی جائے ۔ وکالت سے شعبہ سے وابستہ افراد کے لیے حکومت کی طرف سے اعزازیہ کا بھی اہتمام ہو، تاکہ وہ کسی کے مرہون منت نہ رہیں اور ہر جائز و نا جائزکیس کی وکالت نہ کریں۔ مزید یہ کہ ایل ایل بی کے نصاب میں" ادب
القا ضی" کے عنوان سے مستند فقہی کتب شامل کی جائیں کیونکہ موجودہ نصاب کے تحت قانون کی تعلیم کی تدریس تو ہو جاتی ہے لیکن شریعت نے عدالت کے اخلاقی رویے کے لیے جو تعلیمات دی...
Human papilloma virus (HPV) related head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has varying etiology, genetic as well as environmental factors involved and differential clinicicopathological features. HNSCC came in the limelight recently due to increased incidence rate and insufficient diagnostic methods. This review will comprehensively focus on the characteristics of HPV associated HNSCC. It will provide an updated review of our understanding of HPV role in Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) known to date. Curruntly, three vaccines are available (Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix). These vaccines prevent infections with HPV types 16 and 18 HPV-16 is most common type associated with HNSCC. HPV related HNSCC has better prognosis, does not mutate but inactivatestumor suppressor genes and therefore has comparatively better treatment options. However, there is still a need to improve our methods of sampling, HPV molecular assay and type of specimen to be used.
Carbonic anhydrases (CA E.C. 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloenzymes found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes where they perform important physiological functions. CA has at least 16 different isozymes many of which are important drug targets. Sulfonamides and its metal derivatives are well established inhibitors of CA. The task of developing a new class of chromone containing sulfonamide CA inhibitors was taken up in this research/thesis. Consequently cobalt (II), nickel (II) and copper (II) transition metal complexes were also synthesized and tested as inhibitors of CA. An assortment of structurally diverse aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing chromone moieties were synthesized by condensation of various substituted and un-substituted 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes with different aminobenzenesulfonamides. Compounds L1, L4, L7 and L10 were prepared by reacting 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde (C10H6O3) and substituted 4- oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes (R1R2-C10H4O3, R1 = F, Br; R2 = H, Br) with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide (4-ABS). Compounds L2, L5, L8 and L11 were prepared by reacting above chromone-3-carboxaldehydes with 3- aminobenzenesulfonamide (3-ABS). Similarly compounds L3, L6, L9 and L12 were obtained by reaction with 2-aminobenzenesulfonamide (2-ABS). Compounds L13- L17 were prepared by reaction of 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde and 4- oxo-6-fluoro -4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes with N-(heteroaryl)substituted sulfonamides. In case of reactions with 3-ABS and 4-ABS, enamine products of type and 4-[{(2-ethoxy-6-(un)substituted-4-oxo-chroman)3-ylidene}methylamino] xv benzenesulfonamides were obtained. However, on reaction with 2-ABS, a benzothiadiazine product containing chromone moiety at 3-position resulted due to cyclization. Only 4-oxo-6,8-dibromo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde proved to be the only exception giving an enamine product, 2-[{(2-ethoxy-6,8-dibromo-4-oxo- chroman)3-ylidene}methylamino]benzenesulfonamide. Stable, non electrolyte, non polymeric metal complexes were obtained in good yields by reacting Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) acetates with above compounds under basic conditions. Molecular structure of all fifty three compounds (both ligands and their complexes) was ascertained by means of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and elemental (C, H, N) analysis. The metal content of the metal complexes was determined by AAS. In case where suitable crystals were available, single crystal X-ray diffraction was carried out. In view of CA inhibitory role of sulfonamides and their metal complexes, CA inhibitions activity of all the compounds and their metal complexes was evaluated against bovine cytosolic enzyme containing CA-I and CA-II. All compounds containing free sulfonamide group showed excellent CAI activity (IC50values are in the range 4.31 to 29.12 μmoles). Compounds containing substituted sulfonamide group were found to be inactive as CAIs. Among metal complexes copper complexes were most active followed by some nickel complexes; cobalt complexes were not very active as CAIs. DPPH radical scavenging activity for all the compounds was also evaluated. Only compounds L12 and L14 showed moderate activity (67 and 41 % inhibition respectively). None of the other compounds showed outstanding radical scavenging activity.