محمد الدین فوق
محمد الدین فوق (۱۸۷۷ئ) کوٹلی ہر نرائن سیالکوٹ پیدا ہوئے۔ فوقؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ فوق بڑے ذہین تھے۔ طالب علمی کے زمانہ میں نظیر اکبر آبادی کی ایک مشہور نظم ’’کیا خوب سودا نقد ہے‘ اس ہاتھ دے اس ہاتھ لے‘‘ کا فارسی نظم میں ترجمہ کیا۔ فوق فطری شاعر تھے اور بچپن سے ہی موزوں طبع تھے۔ فوق نے ۱۸۹۲ء میں شعر کہنے شروع کئے۔(۱۵۶)
ان کا ایک ایک شعر وطن(کشمیر) کی محبت اور اسلام کے درد میں ڈوبا ہوا ہے۔ فوق پہلے شاعر ہیں جنہوں نے مستقل طور پر مسلمانِ کشمیر کی ترجمانی کرتے ہوئے دنیا کو ان کی مظلومیت سے آگاہ کیا۔
آپ کی شاعری کا مقصد مسلمانوں کی اصلاح بھی تھا۔ اقبال نے ’’شکوہ‘‘ اور ’’جواب شکوہ‘‘ نظمیں لکھی ہیں۔ فوق نے بھی اسی طرح ’’بڈ شاہ کی روح سے خطاب‘‘ نظم میں کشمیریوں کی زبوں حالی کا اسی لہجہ میں رونا رویا ہے۔ فوق غزل میں داغ دہلوی اور قومی نظموں میں علامہ اقبال سے متاثر تھے۔ فوق کا شعری کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔آپ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’کلامِ فوق‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۰۹ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کے دو حصے ہیں۔ پہلے حصے میں ۱۸۹۵ء سے ۱۹۰۱ء تک کا کلام ہے اس حصے میں غزلیں زیادہ ہیں۔ دوسرا حصہ ۱۹۰۲ء سے ۱۹۰۹ء تک کے کلام پر محیط ہے۔ اس حصے میں نظموں کی تعداد بھی خاصی ہے۔ کلامِ فوق کا دوسرا ایڈیشن ۱۹۳۳ء میں شائع ہوا اس کی ضخامت ۱۴۰ صفحات سے بڑھ کر ۲۴۰ صفحات تک پہنچ گئی ہے۔ اس میں پروفیسر علم الدین کا مفصل دیباچہ بھی شامل ہے۔ فوق کا دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’نغمہ و گلزار‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۴۱ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کی ضخامت ۱۸۴ صفحات ہے اس کا دیباچہ مولانا عبد اﷲ قریشی نے لکھا ہے۔
اگر...
Bhim Sen Sacher informed Jenkins about the destruction caused by arson in Lahore. Akbari Mandi, Chune Mandi, Chauhatta Basti, Bhagat Singh Basti, Kucha Kagzian and Pipal Vehra had been burnt down. The fire brigade could not cope with those vast and dispersed areas. If someone tried to extinguish the fire he was shot at by the police. Bhim Sen Sachar suggested that the only way to save Lahore was to impose martial law in the city. He hoped that the Governor would take that step immediately.64 Jenkins thanked Lala Bhim Sen Sachar and Gokul for their letters informing him about Lahore. Jenkins explained that fire brigade had done a good job in spite of constraints and difficulties. He believed that all communities had access to incendiary materials, and could use it without detection by traversing joined roof-tops. Throwing fire-balls from one house to another was wreaking devastation. Checking trouble of that kind was not an easy job, but searches were carried out and culprits were arrested.6
Stylistic Devices in Sylvia Plath: A Textual Analysis of 'The Bell Jar' and Selected Poems This research is being conducted to investigate stylistic devices utilized to construct Sylvia Plath’s novel ‘The Bell Jar’ and selective poems from her early and later poetry. The researcher has mainly focused upon the textual analysis of her works. Sylvia Plath holds prominent stance as a post war American Poetess, her works are termed as confessional and slightly auto biographical, comprehensive details of her life are discussed in Chapter 1. Plath’s energy as a writer lies in her personal life experiences, most of her work is autobiographical therefore we are bound to review her personal life to analyze her works. She invested a lot of her energy into writing poetry but her only novel ‘The Bell Jar’ is a poignant prototype of a young women gradually seeping into the realm of mental breakdown. The whole book undergoes symbolism and cynicism in its many layers to unveil the harsh reality of depression and realization of social inequality. Sylvia Plath’s style of writing (in ‘The Bell Jar’) is very simplistic and easy to understand, but is also full of radiant detail..............Sylvia Plath has a pure voice that rings. She is witty. Her words have punch. She paces words well and she uses words well, precisely. A tale of a sane woman in an insane world, or is it anyway a great tale narrated with vivid imagery. The dark humor of the text is a counter to melancholy of the main character. (69:71) This simplistic style is transformed into complicated symbols and metaphors in her poetry. Sylvia Plath is a poet of decadence, death, misery, war, hunger, pain, suffering, angst, anger; passion, animism, and intense scorn are the key images of her works. Her style is also influenced by traditionalists. Her style is narrative and it usually has a first, second or third person narrators. Images of Death and Life for her poems are frequently inculcated in her works. Plath constantly uses metaphors or witty symbols for representation of her ideas. Plath’s works are marred with pessimism, deception, degradation and feministic retaliation towards the unjust hegemony of patriarchic society. Her work presents suffering and sickness for example ‘Cut’, ‘Fever 103 ̊’, ‘Plaster’ and ‘Tulips’. Even in the novel Esther is psychologically disturbed person on the verge of a breakdown, she even struggles to spend a normal healthy life. Though Plath’s works are termed as subjective projections of her own troubled neurotic self, still, her work holds universality of human emotions a feeling experienced by the oppressed classes or gender. The researcher concluded that “The Bell Jar” is a ground basis for her poetry there are many poems which bears references from the novel they will be mentioned in this paper.