مولانا سید محمد ہاشم ندوی
ہمارے لیے تیسرا حادثہ مولانا سید محمد ہاشم ندوی کی وفات کا ہے، وہ ندوہ کے لائق فرزند تھے، جس سال راقم ندوہ میں داخل ہوا ہے ، اسی سال وہ فارغ ہوئے تھے اور حضرت سید صاحب کی سفارش سے اسی زمانہ میں دائرۃ المعارف حیدرآباد میں ملازم ہوگئے تھے، جس سے ریٹائر ہونے تک وابستہ رہے، وہ اس کے اہم رکن تھے، بہت سے کتابیں ان کے اہتمام میں شائع ہوئیں، بعض کی انہوں نے تصحیح بھی کی اور بعض پر مقدمے لکھے، انہوں نے ایک مفید علمی خدمت یہ انجام دی کہ دنیا کے مختلف کتب خانوں میں عربی کی جو اہم اور نادر و نایاب کتابیں ہیں ان کی فن وار فہرست ’’تذکرۃ النوادر‘‘ کے نام سے مرتب کی جو دائرۃ المعارف سے شائع ہوگئی ہے، ملازمت سے سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حیدرآباد ہی میں متوطن ہوگئے تھے، ان کی صحت عرصہ سے خراب تھی، گذشتہ مہینہ حیدرآباد کے ایک خط سے معلوم ہوا کہ ان کا انتقال ہوگیا، ستر سے کچھ اوپر عمر رہی ہوگی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ اس خادم علم کی اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۷۱ء)
Mystical letters are among the miracles of Quran. These mystical letters are present at the start of Quranic Surah’s (Chapters). These are among the mutashabihat (Analogies) of Quran. Muslim scholars tried to define their meanings. Like other aspects of Quran and Hadith orientalists talk about mystical letters of the Quran. This article analyses the theories of Noldeke and Otto Loth regarding mysterious letters of Quran. What are their views about mystical letters of the Quran? Are their views according to the Islamic point of view of mystical letters? What are the deviations and differences as compared to traditional Islamic point of view of mystical letters? This research has been analytical by nature, both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented. Analyses of the views of both of the scholars in the light of traditional Islamic concept of mystical letters, shows that Orientalists including Noldeke and Otto Loth thought that mystical letters are not the part of revelation. According to them these are the names of the sources from which different chapters of the Quran had been taken during its compilation. These are on the same pattern as mystical letters are present in the Jewish books. Holy Prophet had copied them. The present study argues that Quran being the book of Lord is unchanged and mystical letters are a part of it. It is further highlighted that even some orientalists argue that the opinion of Noldeke and Otto Loth is not correct.
Versatile applications over the Internet are producing unprecedented volume of data, flowing across the independently managed networking domains. Requirement of reliable communication, with better throughput and moderate latency, encourages Internet Service Providers to increase peering relationships with its immediate neighbors and beyond. Growing number of peering participants over emerging Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) highlights the significance of topological arrangement across the domains. IXPs are not only simplifying peering mesh of neighboring domains but also flattening the Internet topology from hierarchical structures over the course of time. Recent research works reveal the average edge multiplicity between IXPs more than four edges and entire range of IPv4 prefixes reachable through IXPs interconnection. Moreover, IXPs are adopting Software Define Networking (SDN) driven switching fabric, a trend that is becoming prominent with Toulouse, France and Tokyo, Japan Internet exchanges being clear case examples. In iii iv this thesis, we propose an architecture that interconnects SDN driven switching fabric of IXPs and exploit edge multiplicity between them to provision services across domains for the IXP peering participants. Traffic Engineering steered and policy compliant appropriate multiple paths are searched in a joint fashion to deploy at the IXPs switching fabric. We demonstrate that our proposal helps to achieve communication reliability across the domains with better network performance parameters like 54.60% increase in throughput.