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Home > Issues of Identity for Pashtun Students in Lahore : Case Study of Government College University GCU , Lahore and Punjab University PU , Lahore

Issues of Identity for Pashtun Students in Lahore : Case Study of Government College University GCU , Lahore and Punjab University PU , Lahore

Thesis Info

Author

Hamidullah

Supervisor

Muhammad Hanif Khalil

Department

National Institute Of Pakistan Studies(NIPS)

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Subject

Political Science

Language

English

Other

Classification No:320.5409174915930954HAI

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676710939972

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گھگھی تے پیسے

گھگھی تے پیسے

اک واری دی گل اے کہ اک ٹاہلی اتے اک گھگھی نے آہلنا پایا ہویا سی۔ اوس نے انڈے دتے جنہاں وچوں دو بہت ای سوہنے بچے نکلے۔ گھگھی بہت خوش سی۔ اوہ بچیاں لئی کول دے کھیتاں وچوں دانے اکٹھے کر کے لیاندی۔ انج کئی دن ہو گئے۔ ہن اوہدے بچے کجھ سیانے ہو گئے سن۔

اک دن اوس نوں کسے تھاں توں پیسیاں والی پوٹلی لبھی۔ اوس ایہہ پیسے اپنے آہلنے وچ لیا کے رکھ دتے۔ اک دن پنڈ دا اک منڈا گھگھی دے بچے آہلنے وچوں کڈھن لئی درخت اتے چڑھیا۔ اوس نوں پیسیاں والی پوتلی نظر آئی۔ اوس پوٹلی چکی تے تھلے اتر آیا۔ جدوں گھگھی واپس آئی تاں اوہ پوٹلی اوس نوں نظر نہ آئی تاں اوہ آکھدی اے کہ ’’کوگوں کوں کوئی بھکھا مار دا میرے پیسے لے گیا۔‘‘ اوہ منڈا تھلے کھڑا گھگھی دی ساری گل بات سن رہیا ہوندا اے۔ اوہدی گل سن کے اوس نوں بہت غصہ آندا اے۔ اوس اک وتا چک کے گھگھی دے ماریا جو اوہدے سر وچ لگا تے اوہدا سر پاٹ گیا۔ اوہ آکھدی اے کہ ’’کوگوں کوں، اسیں لال پراندے پائے نیں‘‘ اوہدا زخم ٹھیک نئیں ہوندا۔ اوہدے وچ کیڑے پے جاندے نیں تے اخیر اوہ مر جاندی اے۔ فیر اوس نوں نہوا کے کفن پایا جادنا اے تے دفن کر دتا جادنا اے۔

An Analysis of Prisons’ Staff Role in the Reintegration of the Prisoners

The central theme of this research is to explore the effectiveness of prisons staff in the reintegration of the prisoners with specific focus on Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) jails. Mixed method was adopted to carry out the study.  Seven high-profile jails within Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, one jail each, in all the seven administrative divisions, were purposively selected.  Of all 277 respondents, 250 comprised of jail inmates (under trial and convicted adults and juveniles male prisoners) were randomly selected within the seven jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire.  The remaining 27 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview-guide included judges, lawyers, jail officials, human right activists and ex-prisoners.  Further, One focus group discussion was arranged to gain more deep insight into the phenomenon in question. Concurrent triangulation strategy was adopted for the collection and analysis of data.       It was found that prison staff in Pakistan is characterized by lack of will and skill to transform prisons into correction institutions. Their involvement in torturing the inmates, providing them proscribed stuff, sexual assaults on the prisoners, taking bribery for extending legal and illegal favors etc is deeply-seated within the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa prisons. Providing best trainings to the prisons’ staff considering modern-day needs, their salaries increase along with sound service structure, meritorious selection, transfer and up-gradation of the prisons’ employees, recruitment of the needed staff to bridge the staff-inmate huge gape and ensuring the effective accountability system of prisons are the suggested measures to overcome the problem at hand.

Efficacy Studies of Zinc Fortified Edible Coated Apricots

In present investigation, apricots from locally grown ‘Sufeda’ variety were treated with edible coatings; chitosan and alginate @ 1 and 2% levels along with zinc salts fortification i.e. zinc sulfate and zinc chloride @ 30 and 50 ppm concentration. The compositional analysis showed that apricot is a good source of protein, fiber, calcium and potassium. The zinc fortified chitosan coated apricots showed better control over weight & moisture loss, TSS contents, pH & acidity, organic acids and sugars as compared to alginate based coatings. Similarly, chitosan coatings were efficient in the distribution and adsorption of zinc to the apricot surface as contrast to alginate ones. The edible coated zinc fortified apricots were affected significantly during storage as exhibited by their physico-chemical analyses. The results depicted that the maximum zinc contents of fortified coated apricot was noticed in T12 (2% chitosan containing with 50 ppm ZnSO4) 4.83±0.24mg/100g followed by T16 (2% chitosan containing with 50 ppm ZnCl2) 4.82±0.21mg/100g, T4 (2% alginate containing with 50 ppm ZnSO4) 4.78±0.23mg/100g and T8 (2% alginate containing with 50 ppm ZnCl2) 4.77±0.12mg/100g, respectively as contrast to T0 (control) 0.26±0.02mg/100g. The sensory response of the fortified edible coated apricots was remained within range during storage. Afterwards, efficacy study was carried out in rabbits through two consecutive trials I & II for the validity of results. On the basis of in vitro analysis, HPLC characterization (citric & ascorbic acid and sugars) and zinc contents in edible coated zinc fortified apricots, four best treatments two from each coatings having different zinc salts T4, T8, T12 and T16 alongside control (unfortified apricots) were selected for the bio-evaluation trial. The consumption of zinc fortified chitosan and alginate coated apricots imparted substantial effect on feed & drink intake and body & organs weights during entire study. Likewise, serum and organs zinc contents of experimental rabbits were significantly improved by the provision of zinc fortified apricots with maximum serum zinc was observed in G3 (apricot containing 2% chitosan coating with 50 ppm ZnSO4), G1 (apricot containing 2% alginate coating with 50 ppm ZnSO4) G4 (apricot containing 2% chitosan coating with 50 ppm ZnCl2) and G2 (apricot containing 2% alginate coating with 50 ppm ZnCl2) as 89.71±2.26, 87.43±2.14, 83.51±2.41 and 81.49±2.46μg/dL, respectively as comparison to G0 as 72.56±2.85μg/dL. The percent increase in serum zinc was 24.63, 20.50, 15.09 and 12.31% in G3, G1, G4 and G2, respectively as comparison to G0. Similarly, liver zinc was noticed as 23.97±1.41, 23.71±1.15, 23.53±1.28 and 23.36±1.45μg/g in G3, G1, G4 and G2 as contrast to G0 by 22.42±1.36μg/g. Whilst in heart, maximum zinc was 17.59±0.55, 17.46±0.54, 17.22±0.42 and 17.18±0.46μg/g in G3, G1, G4 and G2 whereas, minimum in G0 as 17.11±0.50μg/g. Whereas in kidney, zinc contents in G3, G1, G4 and G2 were noticed as 25.18±1.23, 24.97±1.56, 24.65±1.11 and 24.40±1.30μg/g in association to G0 23.53±1.47μg/g. Results showed that percent increase in liver, heart and kidney zinc were 6.91, 2.84, 7.03 (G3); 5.72, 2.08, 6.12 (G1); 4.95, 0.66, 4.76 (G4) and 4.19, 0.43, 3.68% (G2), respectively compared to G0. The attenuation in serum glucose of rabbits is an indicator for the positive impact of zinc salts fortification on this trait. The lowest serum glucose was 111.79±4.48mg/dL in G3 nevertheless, maximum serum insulin 9.38±0.51μU/mL was observed in the same group. Similarly, the values for liver and kidney functions tests were within the normal range showing the safety of zinc fortified edible coated apricots. The hematological traits of rabbit’s blood also demonstrated normal values for red & white blood cell indices. From instant exploration, it is deduced that zinc fortification through edible coating is a pragmatic choice to overcome hidden hunger with special reference to zinc.