اَب تو سب کچھ نَیا نَیا ہے
تُو بھی کتنا بدل گیا ہے
غنچہ غنچہ زخم بنا ہے
یہ کیسا موسم آیا ہے
اَب تو دل میں درد بسا ہے
خُون تو کب کا سُوکھ چُکا ہے
میرے پاس ذرا بیٹھو تم
مجھ کو خُود سے ڈَر لگتا ہے
یُوں ہی اُداس اُداس نہ پھِرنا
جانے والے نے روکا ہے
مجھ کو اُداس جو دیکھا تو کب
جانے والا ٹھہر گیا ہے
یاد اُس کی اِس جُولائی میں
سَرد ہَوا کا اِک جھونکا ہے
اُس کی یاد سے ہی دل میرا
برف سی راتوں میں جلتا ہے
مجھ کو ہر جانب سے صادق
تَنہائی نے آ گھیرا ہے
Local farming is, indeed, the most important sector of agriculture through which farmers grow food. However, owing to their weak financial conditions, they are not able to get maximum benefits from their labours for most of the times. The case of Pakistani farmers, particularly in rural areas of KP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), is not different in this connection. They frequently resort to formal and informal sources of financing to accomplish their basic agricultural requirements: both crops and non-crops inclusive. However, all these sources advance financing facility on interest basis. Being typical Muslims, such agricultural credit is, therefore, avoided by these farmers and, as a result, they always endure on their financial grounds. In such situations, some substitute arrangements are recommended to reciprocate with their problems. This alternative is offered by Sharī‘ah through various commercial transactions – among which participatory based transaction i.e. Mushārakah is the most suitable and important one. In the present work, various models are proposed on the basis of such transaction to fulfill various agricultural requirements of farmers, living in rural areas of KP. In addition, such models are structured in the light of basic theory, available in the classical literature of Islamic law, in order to make them more Sharī‘ah based rather Sharī‘ah compliant. The proposed models are then, at the second stage, tested at ground level to strengthen further their viability for all stake holders. Findings show that all agricultural requirements, particularly heavy machinery and transport, can be realized through such models provided if they are applied in their true spirit. Moreover, content analysis and focused group technique of qualitative research have been used, as a research methodology, for the investigation of the issue in the present work.
Brassica species are characterized by extensive morphological diversity and the ability to adapt to a wide range of habitats and growing environments. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic divergence available in different species of Brassica for the identification of genetically diverse and agronomically superior genotypes of Brassica seed, which may generate putative transgressive segregates on hybridization. Genetic diversity in Brassica germplasm was evaluated by agro-morphological traits, total seed protein and SSR analysis. For this purpose 153 genotypes of Brassica belonging to different species, obtained from Plant Genetic Resources Program (PGRP), National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan were evaluated. Brassica germplasm was evaluated over two years in the field. Altogether, 22 agro- morphological characters were determined in the collected population and multivariate analyses were performed. There was generally considerable divergence in all characters. Both principal component and cluster analyses disclosed complex relationships among the accessions and characters. Accessions with potential genes of interest to improve earliness, yield components, oil and protein contents have been identified. Length of growing period and yield components contributed most for divergence and clustering pattern. Oil, glucosinolate and protein contents also varied among the species but not so much within species. Intra and inter species diversity was also analyzed with the help of seed storage proteins by using SDS-PAGE. On the basis of banding pattern zymogram (diagrammatical representation of different protein bands) were sketched, by which molecular weight of species specific bands were calculated on the basis of Rf values of the bands on the gel. Five polymorphic markers were identified from seed proteins. These polymorphic markers clearly distinguished these Brassica species. A total of 31 protein bands were recorded ranging from the molecular weight (MW) of 10 KDa. to 114 KDa. The similarity estimates among these groups ranged from 33 to 97%.Through statistical analyses dendrogram was formed and genotypes were clustered into different groups by applying UPGMA (unweighted pair group mean analyses). xiiiThe microsatellite technique (SSR) is well described as a highly polymorphic, co- dominant marker system for animals and plants. Seventy five morphologically diverse Brassica genotypes were analyzed by PCR with 25 data base derived SSR markers to detect the genetic divergence among Brassica species at molecular level. All the primers produced polymorphism among genotypes tested except Ra2-A11 and Na12-F03. The number of alleles per microsatellite locus varied from 2 to 4. The size of the alleles ranged from 150 bp to 318 bp. The present investigation revealed high level of inter- species and medium level of intra-species variation in the accessions evaluated. These results are in accordance with the previous findings and this information will help us in early identification of the purity of genetic resources.