قیام امن اور مذہبی ہم آہنگی

The Internal dissensions within the ranks of the Muslim Ummah are very harmful and condemnable. Today, the Muslims of the world have fallen into the deep recesses of decline due to their mutual differences. The intrigues and conspiracies of the hostile nations have created schism and dissensions among the Muslims on the grounds of language, land, race and color. In our country (Pakistan), if we ponder on the growing rate of violence, we will find that the main causes of this chaos are our attitude towards our mutual differences. Because of intolerant approach towards our mutual differnces, our difficulties and problems are sizing up, and they have engulfed the whole nation, now. The only point on which our nation can be united is the “Kalimah”. The followers of this “Kalimah” whether they are white or black, rich or poor, or whatever race they belong to, and whatever territory or country they come from, they are all considered as the member of the Muslim Ummah. Keeping the prevailing situation of the Muslim Ummah, the author of this paper feelss that an appropriate answer to the question, ‘are all sorts of differences condemnable?’, is key to end most of our differences. In fact, all sorts of differences are not condemnable or forbidden; if differences of opinions are based on some logical grounds within the jurisdiction of the Qur’ān and Aḥādīth, they are permissible and justified as inevitable and natural. Such kind of approach can promote tolerance and unity among the Muslim Ummah and can put us at peace.

Phytosociological Attributes of Different Vegetational Zones of Nandiar Khuwar Catchment Area

This dissertation communicates an analytical exploration of the vegetational profile of Nandiar Khuwar Catchment area, District Battagram, Pakistan. The Nandiar Khuwar Catchment starting from the alpine pastures in the east and stretches towards the famous Indus River in the west. The area provides a variety of geo-climatic regimes within a sharp relief of 525-3817m with total land area of 1301km2. Based upon physiognomy of the vegetation, the study area was divided into 80 stands. Sum 324 vascular plants species belong to 97 families were recorded among which, 157 plant species medicinally important. The most diverse stand was Rajmira followed by Jaro in term of Shannon Diversity Index and Species Richness. The widely distributed species in the study area were Fragaria nubicola and Adiantum capillus-veneris recorded in 53 stands out of 80 stands. With respect to phenology, the maximum plant species flowered in April-July (68.5%) and maximum plant species showed fruiting in May-August. Among life form classes, phanerophytes were dominant with 118 (36.4%) followed by therophytes group with 82 (24.05%) species. The leaf size spectra were dominated by microphyll with 137 (40.2%) followed by mesophyll having 103 species i.e. 30.2%. The TWINSPAN classification sorted out vegetation of the area into 13 plant communities. Six sub communities were identified in subtropical zone, 4 in mixed Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana forests, 5 in pure Pinus wallichiana forests, 4 in western mixed coniferous forests, 3 in pure Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana forests and 2 plant communities were identified in alpine zone. The index of similarity was maximum (35.7%) for Wikstroemia, Viburnum, Androsace and Juniperus, Sibbaldia, Primula communities. Ordination analyses of the data provided a compositional response with a gradient of 6.4 SD units long. The total variance (inertia) in the species data was 7.07. Bray-Curtis ordination score was maximum for axis 1 (0.96) having regression coefficient -54.1 and variance in distance were 2.5. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA ordination) produced a maximum gradient length of 6.3 recorded for axis 1 with eigenvalue of 0.71. DCA clustered xv different species having similar habitats and different stands having common species. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA ordination) showed that plant species and stands were in linear combination with environmental variables. Acacia modesta and Ficus carica was positively correlated with temperature. Betula utilis, Juniperus communis, Ciminalis karelinii and Wulfenia amherstiana species were negatively correlated with temperature. Conservation status of the plants species recorded for the area showed that 10 species fall under critically endangered and 12 more species fall under endangered categories. Major threats recorded for the flora were habitat losses, excessive logging, selective and unscientific collection of herbs, over grazing, erosion, environmental changes and introduction of exotic taxa. We concluded that Nandiar Khuwar Catchment has great potential for conservation of the native species of the Western Himalayan Ecoregion. The conservation issues needs to be addressed through devising strategies for protection, recovery and rehabilitation of the threatened species within their respective stands.