Line Item Budgeting on Labor Costs to the Level of Income

Library research is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. In this study, the authors used the following data collection methods Research library (library research) It is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. Field research (field research) is direct retrieval of the object under study by taking the following steps Observation, namely data collection through direct observation of the object under study, Interviews, namely conducting interviews with leaders and parties interested in the object of research.

Nerse Perceptions of Organizational Culture and its Influence on Error Reporting Evidence from Pakistan Public Healthcare Sector

Introduction Organizational culture of nurses influences nurse role delivery, nurse care-provision and the extent of patient-safety in the hospital setting. In addition, organizational culture has been associated with the culture of error reporting commitment in the hospital organization. Nurse reporting of errors at the workplace includes the reportage, by nurse, of self and coworker errors of the nature of: (1) lack of attentiveness, (2) fiduciary concern, (3) inappropriate judgment, (4) medication error, (5) intervention on patient‘s behalf, (6) mistaken doctor‘s orders and (7) documentation errors. In the developed world, hospital organizations have formal error reporting and tracking systems, with monitoring and accountability bodies to deter error reporting. Magnet hospitals and the public health sectors aggressively train and educate healthcare professionals about the ‗human element‘ in error-making and the encouragement of a non-blame culture on individuals to encourage error reporting. Despite this, high error reporting in the developed world is a concern, and experts suggest that even with error tracking systems in place, it the culture of reporting that guarantees higher reporting and patient safety. Of concern is that the developing world lags behind in absence of error reporting tracking and monitoring systems and also a favorable culture of reporting errors. Pakistan has patriarchal and male-dominated work organizational cultures. Nursing is a feminized profession with more than 95% of females comprising the nurse workforce in the country. These nurses have been found to suffer organizational cultural problems related to severe shortages and high nurse work burden, lack of autonomy and control, lack of higher education and career advancement, absence of nursing care plans in the work setting and having to face high incidents of violence. The tertiary-care public sector hospitals in urban cities like Lahore, as opposed to the private, are highly frequented by majority of the poor and illiterate populations due to ease of the access and financial concessions. However, due to the low budget allocation (less than 2% of government budget), for the health sector and socio-cultural norms, the organizational culture in such hospitals is inadequate and regressive for both female nurses and the optimal care delivery for patient safety. To the best of researcher‘s knowledge nurse organizational culture, and its association with error reporting, has not been studied in Pakistan. Most importantly, nurse organizational culture, and its associations with error reporting, have not been acknowledged as a concern for public health and employee job satisfaction. In lieu of this, the researcher intends to investigate nurse perceptions of organizational culture, and the association between nurse organizational culture and the error reporting culture in the region.