اُس کی قدرت کے ہزار کرشمے
بنا ستوں کھڑا کیا آسماں جس نے
شب دن میں دن شب میں ڈھلتاہے
وہ جانے کتنے ہی رنگ بدلتا ہے
یہ پہاڑ بھی اُس کی طاقت کا نشاں ہیں
کہ اس کی قدرت کی حد تو بے بیاں ہے
بحروں کی اتھاہ گہرائیوں میں بھی
اپنی بنائی مخلوق پالتا ہے
کبھی پانیوں کو فلک سے گراتا ہے
تو کبھی زمیں سے اُچھالتا ہے
ننھے سے بیج کے سینے سے
کیسے تن آور شجر نکالتا ہے
زمیں کا سینہ چیرتے ہوئے
آتش فشاں بھی تو بنائے اُس نے
اپنے قادر ہونے کے
کتنے ہی نشاں دکھائے اس نے
ناممکن سی شے تعریف اس کے ایک گُن کی ہے
کہ اس کے نزدیک تو بات کن فیکون کی ہے
جب وہ رب یہ سب معجزے دکھا سکتا تھا
اک ادنیٰ سا کرشمہ اور بھی تو دکھا سکتا تھا
وہ تجھے میرا بھی تو بنا سکتا تھا
Background: Inadequate child feeding practices lead to malnutrition, higher under-five mortality rates and adverse effects on quality of life. This study aimed to assess the breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of mothers as well as the influence of various sociodemographic factors on them in local families of Lahore. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. It was conducted in CMH (Combined Military Hospital), Lahore in 2018. It comprises a sample of 203 mothers with children of at least two years of age, from various urban areas of Lahore. The subjects were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Mothers with psychiatric illnesses and children with congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Mothers were approached in the paediatric outpatient departments of four tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Responses were recorded using a modified version of the Action Contre La Faim (ACF) questionnaire. Independent sample t-test and chi-square test were applied for analysis of the data. Results: Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour from birth was observed in 83.3% children. Most children were administered colostrum (69.5%). The rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months was 45.3%. A child was being breastfed 8.21 ± 6.67 (mean ± SD) times a day. Maternal educational status, total number of adults in a household, and access to free healthcare were identified as important factors influencing the practice of breastfeeding. Porridge, khichdi, eggs, fruit and yoghurt were the most frequently used complementary foods. Conclusions: A high rate of an early start of breastfeeding and a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months were predominant in our population. Administration of colostrum was observed in approximately two-thirds of the study participants. Education of the mother, type of the family system (nuclear or combined), and access to free healthcare strongly influence the breastfeeding practices.
Although Pakistan had experienced two Martial Laws before, but the Zia regime was the most crucial in the history of Pakistan where political cleansing was occurred officially with the help of Pakistan Army. Besides Pakistan Peoples Party, policies of General Zia-ul-Haq showed that he was against all the democratic force of Pakistan. And, his such attitude became the reason of starting a Movement for Restoration of Democracy. Although, the rightist political parties were supporting Zia’s policy of Islamization, referendum of 1984 and non-party based elections of 1985, but the popularity of MRD grew up day by day. Junaijo’s demand of getting democratic powers was due to the pressure building by the MRD whose basic objective was to restore parliamentary system in original shape as described in the Constitution of 1973. The results of 1988 election showed that, this movement was against the dictatorial politics of Zia-ul-Haq. This study highlights the role of Pakistan Peoples Party in the politics of Pakistan since its emergence. It covers the issues such as Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto as Foreign Minister during Ayub regime, Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party, Civilian Martial Law Administrator and President of Pakistan, and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Similarly, this study focuses upon the political environment which was designed after the military coup of General Zia-ul-Haq, where workers and leaders of Pakistan Peoples Party were suffered a lot. After the hanging of Bhutto and implementation of Zia’s policies of Islamization, Movement for the Restoration of Democracy started which is the case study of this research. The consequences of this movement on Zia’s referendum of 1984, non-party based elections of 1985 and Zia-Junaijo differences are also observed here. Keeping in view the organization of the study the thesis deals with the introduction consisted of the statement of the problems, justification and objectives of the study, hypothesis, research questions and organization of the study. It is divided into six chapters. Chapter one focuses upon the role of political parties in Pakistan during different regimes since 1947-77. Chapter two highlights emergence and rise of Pakistan Peoples Party since 1967 and presented different policies and reforms under the leadership of Zulfaqar Ali Bhutto. Chapter three defines imposition of MRD as revolutionary Movement. Participation of other political parties, Benazeer’s hardships, Election of 1985 and its effects on the history of Pakistan. Chapter four tries to evaluate the major steps of Zia-ul-Haq and consequences of controlled democracy. Chapter five deals with the ending of Martial Law and the beginning of controlled democracy. Chapter six is based on conclusion, findings and recommendations.