A Study of Pakistan’s Various Reform Policies Regarding Islamic Seminaries

ABSTRACT: Pakistan is an Islamic country based on Islamic ideology where society has an emotional attachment with religion, hence an expanded network of Dini Modaris [traditional institutions of Islamic learning] is prevailing in urban as well as in rural areas of the country; where the teaching- learning process remains continue in a traditional way. While on other hand, at the same time, modern education system is followed by government and non-government run institutions. These two different systems with different ideologies and pedagogical techniques have produced two different social classes with different world views about the way Pakistan should be managed. This situation of education system is worrying. In an Islamic welfare state, ideally speaking, serious efforts are required to be done in order to eliminate the gulf between the two systems entirely having antagonistic approaches. In such perspective, this paper is aimed to study the efforts and practical steps, taken for the reforms and development of Dini Modaris by various governments of Pakistan as per their policies.

Antibacterial Activity Through Cefditoren Derived from Silver Nanoparticles Against Gram Positive Bacteria

Antibacterial substances may be synthetic, semi-synthetic or derived from natural materials. They were recognized as miracle drugs if they had strong effectiveness against harmful microorganisms and were recovered suffering patients as soon as possible. However, they become multiple resistant to pathogens if they were used improperly. This multidrug resistant problem had become a major challenge for global healthcare practitioners. The major cause of this problem was the continuous spreading of drug resistant bacteria by different processes. So to overcome such problems some new methods had been developed. These methodologies had replaced conventional antibiotics to control the multiple drug resistance. Among these technologies one of them is the green synthesis of cefditoren derived silver nano particles (AgNPs). They were synthesized via a simple one-pot method after mixing AgNO 3 and cefditoren in NaOH aqueous solution. These synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and Fourier transform Infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy. Cefditoren and synthesized AgNPs solutions were tested against three-gram positive bacterial species like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The data revealed that cefditoren showed little inhibition against all tested bacterial species while cefditoren derived AgNPs showed maximum activities against all these three bacteria. These activities were dose dependent when compared to cefditoren. These findings could pave the way for finding the changing behavior associated with other antibiotics after capping AgNPs or other metal nano particles and may be used against other resistant strains.