قطعی عقائد (مختلف فیہ) میں اتفاق کی صورتیں: اقوال علماء برصغیر کی روشنی میں

The Beliefs are the base of Islam and all worships. The vantage ground of beliefs has been described by Allah Almighty and His Rasool Muhammad (SAW). To agree upon the Beliefs is very important for all the Muslims as the unity of the Muslims has pivotal role for the glory of Muslim Ummah. Allah Almighty ordains his slaves to hold fast together the rope of so that everyone may save himself from a severe chastisement. So, the study of the Beliefs in a unanimous view point is the most important need of the Muslims. The Beliefs are divided into two major parts, the definite beliefs and the indistinct beliefs. The following article is an agreeing study of the Beliefs related to the definite beliefs in the prospect of quotations of the Muslim Scholars of subcontinent (Indo-Pak).

Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Spinel Based Transition Metal Oxides

Theoretical study of Spinel based Transition Metal Oxides is reported. The Density Functional Theory approach is adopted for computational investigation using LAPW code. The structural, elastic properties of (XAl2O4 for X=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), (MGa2O4 for M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd), (NIn2O4 for N=Mg, Zn, In) & (ZnP2O4 for P=V, Cr, Fe, Rh, Sn) along with electronic & magnetic properties of cubic spinel oxides (XAl2O4) and (MGa2O4) have calculated. The calculated structural parameters conform to other experimental and theoretical evidences. Fulfillment of elastic stability criteria proves the reliability of the reported data. The calculated elastic constants show that all materials abide its stability opposing elastic deformations and the Cauchy’s pressure confirms the dynamical stability of these materials. The high values of bulk moduli show the hardness of these materials while the Young moduli data reveal that MgAl2O4 is the stiffer material among all. Further, Poisson’s ratios testify the compressibility, connote stableness to external deformation of these materials and reveal dominance of central forces being the interatomic forces. Out of 24 materials, only 05 are brittle and the rest are ductile with elastic anisotropy. MgAl2O4 is the most brittle and CdGa2O4 is the most ductile material. The electronic structure (Total DOS) show all XAl2O4, MGa2O4 (M=Fe, Co, Zn, Cd) have antiferromagnetic, NiGa2O4 & CuGa2O4 have FM state and the valence near Fermi level due to the transition metal 3d state. The calculation of direct exchange energy Δx(d) shows that the exchange mechanism of electrons is dominant in introducing magnetism and enormous exchange splitting is observed in these materials. The ferromagnetism in the group MGa2O4 of spinel oxide compounds is due to hybridization between the electrons in the 3d-states cation and 2p states anion. Appearance of magnetic moments in these materials is due to unpaired electrons in 3d states of Transition metal ions. The negative value of indirect exchange energy confirms the magnetism by spin of electrons.